Throwing ball velocity is one of indicator that determines the softball performance. However, most of the training on throwing only focused on the major muscles and they neglected the assisted muscles such as hand grip and trunk rotation muscles that also important in improving the throwing performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the effect of hand grip strength training, and trunk rotation strength training towards the throwing ball velocity among female collegiate softball players. 54 female collegiate softball players were equally divided into three training groups which are hand grip strength training group (HG), trunk rotation strength training group (TR), and basic strength training group (CG). All the groups performing the same basic strength training program with different additional strength training according to the group`s treatment. Each group trained 3 days per week for 6 weeks. Throwing ball velocity was assessed before (pretest) and after (posttest) the 6 weeks training program and one-way between groups analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to compare the mean gained score in throwing ball velocity between each group. The result shows that all group significantly differences in throwing ball velocity (p<.05). The post-hoc test indicates that all training group significantly differences to each other except for HG and TR group. This study demonstrates that additional training of HG and TR are able to increase the throwing ball velocity rather than performing the basic strength training only. However, both strength training provides a similar impact on throwing ball velocity, therefore, both of the training are considered important to improve the throwing performance.

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Coaches are people who are responsible in helping athletes to work towards achieving their full potential. The influence of coaches are associated with giving positive impact towards the athletes by enhancing their performance, character development, athlete satisfaction and other various positive outcomes. In order to develop successful athletes, coaches need to have a high level of coaching efficacy. Many factors may affect the coaches’ coaching efficacy such as coaching education and coaching experience and it might play a part in the ability of coaches in coaching their athletes. Hence, the purpose of this study is to determine the impact of coaching experience and coaching education on coaching efficacy among Malaysian collegiate coaches. A total of 331 coaches for SUKIPT 2016 were involved in this study. Coaching Efficacy Scale (CES) questionnaire was used to measure the coaches coaching efficacy. Overall, Malaysian collegiate coaches showed that their level of coaching efficacy were high for all subscales namely character building (M=7.92, SD=.83), technique (M=7.91, SD=.89), game strategy (M=7.80, SD=.93), and motivation (M=7.79, SD=.83). Furthermore, study shows that there was a medium positive correlation between coaching experience (r=.37, n=331, p<.001) and coaching efficacy and small positive correlation between coaching education (r=.12, n=331, p<.05) and coaching efficacy. In addition, multiple regression results indicated that both coaching experience and coaching education can predict overall coaching efficacy (F (6, 324) =12.85, p<.001). In conclusion, Malaysian collegiate coaches who have high level of coaching experience and coaching education may demonstrate better coaching efficacy in guiding their athletes, hence they able to guide their athletes to achieve successful performance.

Archery is a type of sport which participants release the arrow after aiming the target. The shot of an arrow must be accurate to the highest score on the target face. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the most the most contributing variable in archery performance. Methodology: A total of 31 females and males, aged between 13 – 18 years old from Pusat Latihan Negeri Unit Sukan Prestasi Tinggi, Majlis Sukan Negeri, Negeri Sembilan participated in this study. They were involved in different level of achievement in archery competition, ranging from beginner until expert archers. They were also free from any injuries. The participants engaged in three test, which were arm muscle strength test, push-up test, stork balance stand test. Result: The Pearson correlation analysis showed there was significant relationship among variable measured. In addition, regression analysis showed the arm muscle strength and muscle endurance were the most contributed variable in archery performance. Findings and discussion: These elements can be indicators of an archer’s skill level and can be applied as important parameter to select potential archers and also assessment of archer’s performance. The time taken to develop the archer to become an expert archer can be shortening due to focusing on important variables.