The need for urban parks became greater as cities expanded and the urban population rapidly grew. Therefore, having an urban park can facilitate a reduction in GHG emissions by alleviating some of the impacts of this dense development. Trees in the urban parks are an important factors reducing the amount of carbon dioxide accumulated in the urban area. The carbon sequestration rate was calculated with biomass equations, using field data collection, measurements and survey data analysis. This study aimed to calculate, predict and compare carbon sequestration rate of plant materials with linear and curvilinear design landscape setting. The decisive outcome of this study are the optimization of carbon sequestration rate by selecting the right plant material specifications with suitable landscape design setting. The findings revealed that the curvilinear design landscape setting sequesters more carbon per m 2 than linear design landscape setting. Plants with bigger girth and larger quantities contribute to sequestering greater carbon compared to smaller girth and fewer trees. These findings will become a green practice approached towards building a sustainable environment with better design solutions.

Carbon emissions is expected to continue to increase unless major changes are made in the way carbon is managed.  Managing hotel carbon emissions has emerged as a critical research matter and has become public and national interest since the last century. For instance daily appliances carbon emission from tourism accommodation premises is one of the major contributors for greenhouse effect especially in urban area and this could cause detrimental impact to the surrounding environment. One of the promising approach to reduce carbon emission to the atmosphere is by selecting an appropriate plant materials as well as optimization of spatial and space organization of green spaces. Besides character of the plant materials, criteria such as soil, plant material age, trunk diameter and trunk height are very much influenced the carbon sequestration rate. Therefore this study aimed to develop carbon sequestration model system through landscape design approach that can monitor, calculate and predict the amount of carbon that can be absorbed by proposed plant species at certain period of time. Two existing hotels were selected and the findings of this research showed that at both case studies, carbon sequestration rate by trees has the highest sequestration amount compared to other plant materials. This study also established that even with limited green space areas for tourism accommodation premises such as hotel, the carbon sequestration rate can be further increased with the right selection of plants, at the right place with the right spatial and space organization of green spaces. The significance outcomes of this study will be a novel landscape design approach to neutralize carbon emission which is cost effective and environmental friendly.

Spas have become increasingly popular and have emerged as important profit centers for hotels. However, the uniqueness of this market has been largely overlooked in term of Shari'ah compliant to cater to Muslim needs. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to the repositioning of spa typologies, spatial organization and social interaction in the context of Islamic built environment. A survey was administered at 4 case studies of different spas typologies in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor to identify the new dimensions of Muslim-friendly spa concept. Cluster analysis was then applied to classify spa premises into different groups based on the typologies, services and spatial organization. Finally, the importance analysis was performed according to the groups to determine significant Shari'ah compliant or Muslim-friendly elements. Based on the finding, the spa that follows the Shari'ah compliance brings remuneration and advance the excellence of spa by implementing space organization of spa, which is considering security, privacy, also a segregation gender in space including the spa design component. It is crucial that Malaysia takes concrete steps to develop Islamic or Shari'ah compliant tourism internationally. This research is intended to provide further information on the understanding, practice, features, and requirements for Muslim-friendly spa which will help to boost Malaysia's potential to become as one of the prominent destinations for Islamic or Shari'ah compliant tourism.