The influence of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) concentration on the temperature sensitivity of nanogels based on N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) by gamma radiation induced polymerization was investigated. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements were used to characterize the nanogels. Temperature has been found to cause the nanogel particles to swell and shirnkage, allowing controlled dosing of the drug contained in capsules. The developed nanogels are promising materials with great potential for biomedical applications.

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) or photon cross-correlation spectroscopy (PCCS) is a very potent means for analyzing the diffusion behaviour of supramolecules in their solution form. The diffusion coefficient, probed from the scattered light by supramolecules underexposure to incident light, allows the hydrodynamic radii to be calculated. However, the scattering values were recently misled by an unexpected interaction between the incident light and thermo-sensitive nanogels. Hence, in turn, it resulted in a miscalculation of the size of the nanogels by more than 100% of their expected values. The study fulfills a vital knowledge gap by investigating the effects of laser intensity on the size of thermo-sensitive Poly(N-Isopropyl Acrylamide-Vinyl Pyrrolidone-Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate-(2-(Dimethyl Amino)Ethyl Methacrylate)), Poly(NIPAAM-PVP-PEGDA-DMAEMA) nanogels and subsequent count rates in DLS measurements. The Lower Critical Solution Temperature, LCST phase transition of Poly(NIPAAM-PVP-PEGDA-DMAEMA) nanogel can be observed using the DLS technique. The higher laser intensity was advantageous for measuring at high dilution more vigorously with varying laser intensities. Thus, a sufficient laser intensity should be chosen based on the light scattering characteristics of typical samples.

Significance of essential oils from Etlingera elatior (E. elatior) are growing these days and have prospective to embrace great export in future, yet the quantity of the essential oil extracted does not extant in decent rate. Therefore the purpose of this research is to determine the optimum yield of the E. elatior essential oil. The E. elatior were prepared in two conditions which are normal (fresh) and dry grinded sample. The extraction of normal and dry grinded E. elatior was conducted using Soxhlet extraction with methanol as a solvent. The extraction process was conducted at different extraction time (2, 4, 6 hours). The study indicated that the dry grinded E. elatior produced a higher yield of essential oil as compared to normal grinded E. elatior. The yield of essential oil obtained from dry grinded E. elatior was 71.44% while with normal grinded E. elatior, the yield was 56.42%. The effect of extraction time towards yield of essential oil shown that prolong extraction up to 6 hours gave a higher yield of E. elatior essential oil. The constituents in the E. elatior essential oil were determined and quantified using GC-MS analysis. The analysis indicated that the E. elatior essential consist of 2-Furaldehyde, 5- methyl, 3-Methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione, Maple lactone, Furan-2,5-dial, Pyranone and 5-Hydroxymethyl furaldehyde.