Graphical passwords are often considered prone to shouldersurfing attacks, where attackers can steal a user"s password by peeking over his or her shoulder in the authentication process. In this paper, we explore shoulder surfing defence for recall-based graphical password systems such as Draw-A-Secret and Background Draw-A-Secret, where users doodle their passwords (i.e. secrets) on a drawing grid. We propose three innovative shoulder surfing defence techniques, and conduct two separate controlled laboratory experiments to evaluate both security and usability perspectives of the proposed techniques. One technique was expected to work to some extent theoretically, but it turned out to provide little protection. One technique provided the best overall shoulder surfing defence, but also caused some usability challenges. The other technique achieved reasonable shoulder surfing defence and good usability simultaneously, a good balance which the two other techniques did not achieve. Our results appear to be also relevant to other graphical password systems such as Pass-Go.

Cryptocurrency is attracting the attention of academic and non-academic researchers as an alternative architecture of currency. Because of the growing of cryptocurrency research, it is essential to value the existing research of cryptocurrency and identify potential future research areas. This paper provides an up to date review of IS research on cryptocurrency adoption. In this paper, we conduct a systematic literature review to gather the previous research related to cryptocurrency adoption. The goal of this research is to identify the current research stage and open challenges for future studies in cryptocurrency adoption. Moreover, the paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) of 25 research articles published on the adoption of cryptocurrency from 2014 to 2017. The results demonstrate that cryptocurrency adoption research has grown significantly throughout this period, and remains a fertile area for academic research. The results show that the cryptocurrency adoption literature can be classified according to three main classifications: qualitative research, quantitative research and others.The results of the SLR reveal that there is a lack of study focusing on the factors that are significantly influenced on the acceptance of cryptocurrency. Furthermore, there is also a lack of technology acceptance models used in addressing the issues. Research gap found is presented and discussed.

Purpose Halal tourism is a subset of tourism activities geared towards Muslim which are aligned with the Islamic principles. As a response to this, many food operators have realised the importance of having a halal certification to establish a better market position. In the context of Indonesia, it is yet to be known what attitudes the food operators have towards halal certification and what attributes characterised those who have obtained the certification. Therefore, this study aims to examine the attributes of food operators and their attitudes towards halal certification in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach A survey and structured interview were conducted on 298 food operators in Bandung, a city in Indonesia, between August and December 2018. Seven hypotheses were proposed and tested to evaluate the association between halal certification and food operators’ attributes and their attitudes towards it. Findings The results of the study suggested that food operators who had halal certification can be characterised by the number of branches the businesses have, the knowledge of halal tourism and knowledge on the market segment. However, the age of their business was found not related to halal certification. In terms of attitudes, the study found that performance beliefs, intention to apply and target market segment had associated with halal certification. Practical implications The outcomes of the study could provide information to entities and agencies involved in the tourism industry that consider targeting Muslim travellers as their market segment. Halal certification could be an approach to facilitate tourism marketing and consequently increase the performance of food-related business sectors. Originality/value This study provides evidence that could lead to a better understanding of the attributes of food operators and their attitudes towards halal certification in the context of Indonesia’s tourism industry.

Refactoring is one of the most widely used techniques in practice to improve the quality of existing software. However, it is observed that refactoring does not continually improve all software quality attributes. Recent studies indicated that different refactoring techniques have significantly different, sometimes opposite, and conflicting effects on software quality attributes. In other words, there is contradictory evidence on the refactoring benefit. As a result, developers face challenges in selecting appropriate refactoring techniques when they use them to improve software quality. To the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated factors that may explain inconsistent or diverging results concerning the effect of refactoring techniques on software quality. Therefore, in this study, scenarios of using refactoring techniques factor have been identified, investigated, and thoroughly analyzed. Ten of the most commonly used refactoring techniques in practice have been chosen and individually applied in seven case studies of varying sizes (small, medium, and large). The Quality Model for Object-Oriented Design (QMOOD) is used to assess how refactoring techniques affect quality attributes. The findings provide strong evidence that this factor plays a significant role in producing the various effects of refactoring techniques on quality attributes. These findings can help software developers understand how to use refactoring techniques to improve software quality while taking this factor into account. The best scenario for using each refactoring technique to improve software system quality has been identified. The findings can provide guidelines for software developers to use refactoring techniques to improve the quality of software systems based on the best scenarios of using the refactoring techniques.

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