Ionic liquids have attracted immense attention due to their unique properties and potential industrial applications. Green ionic liquids such as amino acid‐based ionic liquids (AAILs) are promising solvents due to their proven low toxicity. The properties of newly known substances are unavailable, especially when they are in aqueous solutions. This information is essential, and they must be understood before employing these materials in any application for technical, safety, and economical reasons. In this study, three types of AAILs were examined, namely; 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium glycine [OMIM][Gly], 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium alanine [OMIM][Ala], and 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium proline [OMIM][Pro]. The aqueous solutions were prepared at concentrations of 1, 10, 20, and 30 wt.%. The pH and electrical conductivity were measured at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Moreover, volumetric properties such as density, molar volume, excess molar volume, and thermal expansion were also determined at atmospheric pressure over a temperature range of 298.15–338.15 K. An empirical correlation was also developed to correlate the volumetric parameters with temperature and concentration. The results showed that AAILs solutions are alkaline in nature. Moreover, they increase the electrical conductivity of water. Additionally, molar volume, excess molar volume, and isobaric thermal expansion increased as the temperature increased, whereas the density decreased with an increase in temperature. A discussion on the effect of anions was presented. The developed empirical correlation exhibited an accurate prediction of the volumetric properties with R2 > 0.9762.

Ionic liquids are promising materials for several applications. Amino acid based ionic liquids (AAILs) as a sort of a new generation of ionic liquids are recently proposed taking advantage of hydrogen bonding group and low toxicity. Three types of AAILs are examined in this work; namely 1-Octyl-3-Methylimidazolium Glycine [OMIM][Gly], 1-Octyl-3-Methylimidazolium Alanine [OMIM][Ala] and 1-Octyl-3-Methylimidazolium Proline [OMIM][Pro]. The pH and molar conductivity are measured at ambient conditions for AAILs aqueous solutions at different concentrations; specifically 1, 10, 20, and 30 wt.%. The experimental results show that all AAILs solutions are alkaline (pH>7) where [OMIM][Pro] has the highest pH compared to its counterparts. The trend is reversed for molar conductivity as [OMIM][Gly] showed the highest molar conductivity. These results are attributed to the smaller size of [Gly] compared to [Pro] and [Ala]. However, adding AAILs increases the molar conductivity of the water.

Kompleks Arkeologi Sungai Batu adalah kawasan yang terdiri dari himpunan permukiman dan situs pertukaran yang terletak di Lembah Bujang, yang cukup maju sebagai pusat pemerintahan dari abad ke-2 hingga ke-14 Masehi. Temuan arkeologi di Sungai Batu menunjukkan wilayah tersebut merupakan pemukiman yang secara khusus menjadi pusat penghasil besi, baik terlibat dalam kegiatan penambangan maupun peleburan besi. Penelitian lapangan ini menerapkan metode pengeboran inti di kawasan Kompleks Arkeologi Sungai Batu yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh data primer terkait potensinya sebagai pusat kawasan industri Kerajaan Kedah Tua. Bukti arkeologis terkini mengungkapkan bahwa kawasan ini dahulu sebagai pusat bengkel peleburan besi untuk kerajaan Kedah Tua sejak 788 SM. Analisis pengeboran inti berdasarkan contoh tanah jelas menunjukkan bahwa daerah ini merupakan bagian dari teluk laut purba yang luas sebelum turunnya permukaan air laut. Daerah ini lalu berubah menjadi muara sungai yang memungkinkan berdirinya permukiman. Daerah Kompleks Arkeologi Sungai Batu juga kaya akan kandungan bahan baku seperti bijih besi untuk industri peleburan dan alluvium untuk pembuatan batu bata. Daerah ini kemudian berkembang menjadi kompleks industri yang maju sejak 788 SM. Sungai Batu archaeological complex is a group of various settlements and exchange sites located in the Bujang Valley, which developed as a polity from the 2nd to 14th century AD. The archaeological findings at Sungai Batu suggest the position of the area as a polity or settlement specializing in primary iron production, which involved the activities of iron mining and smelting. Field research involving core drilling methods applied in the area of ​​Sungai Batu Archaeological Complex with the main purpose of obtaining primary data related to its potential as a major industrial area of ​​Kedah Tua Kingdom. This is because current archaeological evidence reveals that this area has been used as a major and advanced iron smelting workshop for the Kedah Tua kingdom since 788 BC. Analysis of core drilling (soil samples) clearly shows that this area represented the part of a large ancient marine bay before the sea level decreased. It was changed to become a river estuary allowing settlements to be established. Sungai Batu Archaeological Complex also exposed many raw materials such as iron ore for the smelting industry and alluvium for making a brick. It has developed into a flourishing industrial complex since 788 BC.