Key indicatorsSingle-crystal X-ray study T = 298 K Mean (C-C) = 0.004 Å Disorder in main residue R factor = 0.024 wR factor = 0.063 Data-to-parameter ratio = 14.0 For details of how these key indicators were automatically derived from the article, see

The title crystal structure, C13H16N2S, is a triclinic polymorph of the previously reported orthorhombic structure [Yamin, Kasim & Hamzah (2005). Acta Cryst. E61, o55–o57]. In both structures, the phenyl group is almost perpendicular to the pyrimidine‐2‐thione ring. In the triclinic structure, inversion‐related molecules are linked to form a dimer by N—H...S hydrogen bonds, whereas in the orthorhombic polymorph two independent molecules are linked by N—H...S hydrogen bonds to form a dimer.

The biomass must be converted to fermentable carbohydrates through pretreatment process to break down the complex structure to its constituents prior to fermentation. For lignocellulosic materials, lignin moiety is extremely resistant to degradation because of hydrogen bond cross-linking between the cellulose and hemicellulose. Biological pretreatment using white-rot fungi are novel method and environmental-friendly as a method of biomass deconstruction as compared to other conventional means. These fungi can excrete ligninolytic enzymes to degrade lignin although the rate of deconstruction is slow. Hence, this chapter will focus on the fungal pretreatment or delignification process using white-rot fungi as it is an important step to increase the feedstock conversion.

Bio-based surfactants are surface-active compounds derived from oil and fats through the production of oleochemicals or from sugar. Various applications of bio-based surfactants include household detergents, personal care, agricultural chemicals, oilfield chemicals, industrial and institutional cleaning, and others. Due to the stringent environmental regulations imposed by governments around the world on the use of chemicals in detergents, as well as growing consumer awareness of environmental concerns, there has been a strong demand in the market for bio-based surfactants. Bio-based surfactants are recognized as a greener alternative to conventional petrochemical-based surfactants because of their biodegradability and low toxicity. As a result, more research is being done on producing novel biodegradable surfactants, either from renewable resources or through biological processes (bio-catalysis or fermentation). This chapter discusses the various types, feedstocks, and applications of bio-based surfactants, as well as the industrial state-of-the-art and market prospects for bio-based surfactant production. In addition, relevant technological challenges in this field are addressed, and a way forward is proposed.

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