BACKGROUND: High number of nurses who infected and died from contracting covid-19 put them in a difficult situation during the covid-19. Personal protective equipment is the final line protection for nurses from the risk of Healthcare Associated Infections, while self-efficacy plays an important role in surviving from stressors during the pandemic. AIM: This review aims to analyze factors related to the use of personal protective equipment and nurse self-efficacy during Covid-19 pandemic. METHODS: A systematic and comprehensive search using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses with six electronic databases were used. Nine cross-sectional, three cohort and survey, one case control, one surveillance study met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: From 104 articles screened, 16 articles were included in this review. The high self-protection was the main factor preventing nurses from contracting Covid-19 infection. Lack of personal protective equipment and low cautiousness was the primary factor for nurses of contracting Covid-19. Increased stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and insomnia were associated with nurse’s low self-efficacy. CONCLUSION: The best protection for nurses from Covid-19 exposure is the availability and consistent use of personal protective equipment. Moreover, the consideration for designing staff training programmes and psychological support were recommended for building nurses self-efficacy.   Keywords: Health Associated Infections, Personal Protective Equipment, Nurse, Self-efficacy, Covid-19

Background: Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) are significant causes of illness and mortality, and nurses are healthcare professionals with the most consistent contact with patients, therefore nurses need to possess adequate knowledge, and awareness. Aim: this study aim to analyze factors impacting nurses' awareness of the prevention of HAIs, such as their knowledge, attitude, and practice compliance. Methods: A systematic review was conducted from the sources of data collection, namely Proquest, Science Direct, Pubmed, and Google Scholar from 2011-2020, with English guidelines used to review the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Results: Data were obtained through a questionnaire survey, direct observation, and self-report from 4329 nurses with a total of 12 inclusion criteria. The result showed that a significant number of nurses do not possess an acceptable level of knowledge and practice, although nurses have a positive attitude. Hand hygiene and the other protective personal equipment need to be used by nurses and other health personal to prevent Urinary Tract Infection, respiratory, and Surgical Site Infection in the hospital.   Conclusion: nurses need to possess the right knowledge, attitude, and guidelines. Standard precaution is important for patient safety management, nurses need to be adequately trained to increase awareness.

<p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) appears 7-10 days before the menstrual period and can cause an uncomfortable feeling and pain with mild to severe symptoms that eventually can disturb the activities and quality of life of teenage girls. Prolonged use of chemical medication can cause several side effects.  However, there is the option to use complementary therapy, such as Cananga aromatherapy with a warm compress, which is considered to be safer than chemical medication and has no side effects. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of Cananga aromatherapy with a warm compress in reducing PMS in teenage girls. This research is a quasi experimental, pretest and posttest with control group design. Consecutive sampling was used to generate 68 respondents from teenage girls who were then divided into two groups  -  the intervention group that was given Cananga aromatherapy with a warm compress and the control group who did not receive the  intervention. The bivariate analysis in the experimental group after the intervention, using the Cochran test, showed that the Cananga aromatherapy with a warm compress is effective in reducing PMS amongst teenage girls (p=0,000 &lt; ? = 0,05). Another analysis using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that </em>there is a difference in the level of PMS<em> between the experimental and the control group (p=0,002 &lt; ? = 0,05). It is therefore recommended that Cananga aromatherapy with a warm compress be used as a complementary therapy to reduce PMS amongst teenage girls.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>Key words: </em><em>Premenstrual Syndrome; PMS, Cananga Aromatherapy; Warm Compress; Teenage Girls</em></p>