Recently, obesity has been recognized as a global health and economic problem due to rising health care cost for sufferers. 3 Current conventional health care for obese people still uses synthetic drugs that are known to have many side effects and reduce quality of life. 5 Therefore, many studies have been conducted to prevent and reduce diabetes. One of the studies was conducted by utilizing the bioactive and pharmacogenic potential of natural ingredients in herbal medicines as anti-obesity. P. oleracea is a cosmopolitan succulent species of the Porthulaceae family that is distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. 6 This plant is reported as one of the herbal medicines that has been widely used in treating degenerative diseases such as liver disease, obesity, and dyslipidemia. [7][8][9] Several studies showed that this plant was able to reduce glucose levels in mice on days 7 and 14 (dose of 125, 250, 500 mg/ kg) (P < 0.05). 10 Based on the potential effects of P. oleracea and the many scientific publications regarding the potential of purslane to treat obesity and overweight, the purpose of this review article is to discuss and conclude the potential of P. oleracea in treating obesity, overweight and other diseases associated with the metabolic syndrome.

Sample preparationThe bioactive components found in purslane are apigenin, isorhamnetin, and luteolin. Meanwhile, star anise has shikimic acid, illicinole, and illicinone A. Data were provided by PubChem. Furthermore, non-structural target protein databases TMPRSS2 and PLpro were obtained from RSCB PDB.

Sample preparationThe components of the bioactive ligands found in juwet and moringa are gallic acid (CID: 370), ellagic acid (CID: 5281855), corilagin (CID: 73568), moringyne (CID: 131751186), myricetin (CID: 5281672), chlorogenic acid (CID: 1794427), vitexin (CID: 5280441), and nirmatrelvir (CID: 155903259) as a control. Ligand structure data were obtained

The global COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been the resulted of massive human deaths since early 2020. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an inhibitor of RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp activity of SARS-CoV-2 with an in silico approach. The samples were obtained from PubChem and RCSB PDB. Analysis of the similarity of the drug was carried out with the Swiss ADME on the basis of Lipinski rule of five. Prediction of antivirus probabilities was carried out using PASS Online. Molecular screening was performed using PyRx through molecular docking. Discovery Studio was used for visualization. The bioactive compounds with the highest antiviral potential were indicated with the lowest binding affinity to the targeted proteins RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp of SARS-CoV-2. The results indicated that mangiferin has the greatest potential as a potential antiviral. However, more research is required to validate the results of these computational predictions.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has a higher infectious nature than HIV-2 because of the genetic drift mechanism. Several HIV-1 strains such as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, & J were obtained from Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, and America. Endemic cases of HIV-1 are often found and HIV-2 is very rare, therefore the development of antiretroviral drugs is currently focused on treating HIV-1 infection5. Research on HIV-1 vaccines is still in the research phase and some patients are only taking antiretrovirals to survive. Sambucus nigra L. is used by the community for traditional medicine such as influenza A, B, C and SARS-CoV-2 infectious diseases. There are no research reports related to the potential of Sambucus nigra L. as an antiretroviral in the treatment of HIV-1 infection and the specific molecular mechanisms that explain it, therefore this research is important for the discovery of alternative antiretroviral drugs from natural materials. The in silico method used in this study consists of Sambucus nigra L. compounds retrieval, HIV-1 protein preparation, molecular docking, and 3D visualization. Sambucus nigra L. can have inhibitory activity on three enzymes of HIV-1 such as protease (PR), reverse transcriptase (RT), integrase (INT) through naringenin and Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside compounds. Both compounds have more negative binding energy, form stable binding interactions in the target domain, and trigger inhibitory activity.