This study investigated effects of applying cognitive-behavioral group therapy on recurrent headaches. Among Shiraz University female students complaining of headaches, 20 patients, each reporting either migraine or tension-type headaches and who met the 1988 International Headache Society diagnosis criteria for migraine and tension-type headaches, formed two groups. Analysis showed cognitive-behavioral group therapy decreased headache index significantly. Therapeutic response patterns on dependent variables were similar for patients with migraines and those with tension-type headaches.

Background: Moral disengagement is a variable in the social cognitive theory of morality and includes eight cognitive, psychosocial mechanisms by which moral self-sanctions are selectively disengaged from inhumane conduct. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to validate a university student replica of the moral disengagement scale among some Iranian university students. Methods: This validation study was based on the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) method. The statistical population consisted of 346 undergraduate students at the Salman Farsi University of Kazerun. Also, 44 other undergraduate students were participated to examine the test-retest reliability of the scale. Both samples were selected by convenient sampling. The main sample completed the 32-item Moral Disengagement scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. CFA (by AMOS 24), stability coefficients, Cronbach's alpha, and multiple analysis of variance (ANOVA) (all by SPSS 16) were used to study gender differences. Results: The indices of CFA for the 32-item scale were not satisfactory, then an item in all subscales with the lesser beta was dropped, and the scale included only 24-items. The indices of CFA of the 24-item scale were satisfactory. The internal consistency for the whole scale was desirable (α: .817) and for the subscales were adequate. Test-retest correlations were not desirable for the whole scale (r: .693) and for the subscales. The total score and the scores of some subscales were negatively correlated with social desirability. The total score and the scores of some subscales also were greater in males. Conclusions: The satisfactory indices of CFA and also the higher scores of males in the 24-item scale confirmed its construct validity. However, correlations between the scale and social desirability did not confirm the ideal divergent validity. Thus, assessing the social desirability beside the scale can clarify interpreting the scores. The obtained test-retest reliability suggests that this scale cannot assess a stable variable, and according beside the social cognitive theory, it is better to consider moral disengagement as a changeable and inconstant variable.

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Internet addiction on the tendency to marital infidelity in couples in Shiraz. Method: The statistical population includes all men and women who referred to counseling centers in Shiraz for marriage counseling in 2015. These people completed the Internet Addiction Questionnaire and were divided into two groups: Internet addicts and normal. Samples were selected by available sampling method from Shiraz city counseling centers, 60 Internet addicts and 60 normal people. Findings(Results): The results showed that there is a significant difference between Internet addicts and people who use the Internet normally in the tendency to betray and addicted people have a greater tendency to betray. The difference between men and women in the tendency to betray is not significant and the duration Marriage is also a poor predictor of marital infidelity. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that people with Internet addiction are more prone to betrayal. This issue can be both a sign of betrayal and a cause for it. In any case, the extreme presence in cyberspace facilitates the tendency to betrayal in people.

Background: Sleep and seizures can affect each other in different ways. Meanwhile, sleep disorders are among the most frequent complaints of patients with epileptic and non-epileptic seizures, with various health outcomes. Objective This study aimed to investigate the psychological symptoms and clinical indicators in patients with/without sleepiness with epileptic/non-epileptic seizures. Methods: The present study was a fundamental and descriptive (causal-comparative) research. The study population included all patients with epileptic seizures (temporal and generalized) and non-epileptic psychogenic seizures in Shiraz City, Iran. A total of 68 patients (in two groups with sleepiness and without sleepiness) were selected by the purposive sampling method. The study data were collected using the clinical and demographic inventory, Stanford sleepiness scale, Beck depression and anxiety inventory, perceived stress, mood disorder, bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale, global assessment of the severity of epilepsy, and global assessment of disability-related directly to seizures. The obtained data were analyzed by univariate analysis of covariance, Fisher exact test, and Mann–Whitney U test. Results: Analyses showed that patients with seizures who had sleepiness reported higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress than patients without sleepiness (P<0.05). Also, patients with sleepiness suffer more than their counterparts from the symptoms of bipolar disorder I and II and assess the severity of disease and disability resulting from seizures as worse (P<0.05). Conclusion: Sleepiness in patients with epileptic and non-epileptic seizures is associated with increased psychological symptoms and disease severity.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of online group therapy based on emotional schema therapy with that of transdiagnostic therapy in improving distress tolerance and cognitive emotion regulation among university students with adjustment disorders due to romantic break‐ups. The statistical population included all students who experienced a romantic break‐up in Iran in 2020, aged 18–38 years. Due to COVID‐19 pandemic restrictions, participants were selected online. After filling in initial forms, diagnostic interviews were conducted through purposive sampling. A group was then randomly selected and divided into three groups: the first experimental group (transdiagnostic group therapy) included 15 participants; the second experimental group (emotional schema therapy) consisted of 15 participants; and the third group was the control group with 15 participants. The experimental groups received ten 90‐min group therapy sessions. Participants completed the Distress Tolerance Questionnaire and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire at pretest, post‐test and 1‐month follow‐up stages. According to the results of repeated measures ANOVA, there were significant differences between the experimental and control groups (p < 0.05) in the post‐test scores of distress tolerance and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. However, there were no significant differences between the two experimental groups. The results indicated that both internet‐based transdiagnostic group therapy and emotional schema therapy were effective interventions in mitigating symptoms of adjustment disorders due to romantic break‐ups among university students. This highlights the potential of online group therapy as a viable option for students experiencing such disorders, particularly during pandemic‐related restrictions.