The CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated nuclease-9) system which adapted from the prokaryotic immune system, is the latest RNA/ protein complex to be included among genomic engineering tools. CRISPR/Cas9 technology catalyzes the formation of double-strand breaks in DNA, according to the Watson-Crick base pairing in a interested region of the genome, via endonuclease Cas9 and guide RNA (sgRNA). Genomic regulation is performed by repairing these fractures using (Homologous Recombination or HDR: Homology-Directed Repair) and (NHEJ: Non-Homologous End-Joining) DNA repair mechanisms. CRISPR/Cas9 technology is used on a wide range of platforms, starting from identification of bacterial strains, identification of gene and miRNA functions, genomic DNA fragment insertion/deletion, gene silencing, transcriptional and epigenetic targeting to creation of disease models. Leukemia, a malignancy characterized by leukocytosis in the blood/bone marrow, is caused by chromosomal rearrangements or mutations. Nowadays, genomic engineering is gaining an accelerating importance in order to elucidate the pathogenesis and molecular biology of leukemia; thus to provide more effective and personalised treatment opportunities in the future. The widely used CRISPR/Cas9 genome design technologyrepresent a new functional object for treatment of leukemia an the begining of a therapeutic new era by being applied in areas such as creation of disease models, gene insertion and silencing, epigenetic regulation. In this review, CRISPR/Cas9 technology; locus components, subtypes, stages of development of the adaptive immune response, Cas9 specificity and therapeutic gains obtained via using this technology in various types of leukemia will be discused. Also In this review, the evaluation of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in terms of ethics will be included.

Common bunt caused by Tilletia sp. is a very destructive and dangerous seed-borne fungal disease and may cause serious economic losses in worldwide. Wheat cultivars carrying resistance genes are used as an alternative fight method instead of chemical fungicides against common bunt disease. These resistance genes in wheat are called as bt genes. Until today, a few number of bt genes has been detected in wheat by using various molecular markers. However, development of more molecular markers for detection of all bt genes in wheat is required. In this study, detection of five bt genes called as bt -5, bt-8, bt-10, bt-11 and bt-12 was carried in ten registered local wheat varieties (Sertak 52, Bolal 2973, Demir, Kutluk, Harmankaya 99, Pehlivan, Tosun Bey, 4-11, Sönmez 01, Bezostaja-1) using PCR-based molecular markers, microsatellite and RAPD. PCR-amplified fragments were separated on 1.3% agarose gel. The obtained DNA bands were scored as present or absent for detection of bt genes. For comparison, the virulence rates of five Tilletia foetida (syn. leaves) isolates against ten wheat varieties were obtained from our field results. We observed that wheat varieties Kutluk and 4-11 carrying bt-10 and bt11 genes are more resistant to disease in field. -5, bt-8, bt-10, bt-11 and bt-12) tespiti gerçekleştirilmiştir. PCR ile çoğaltılan fragmentler, ethidium bromide (0.5 μg/ml) içeren %1.3'lük agaroz jelde ayrılmıştır. Jeller UV ışık altında gözlenmiş ve dijital olarak fotoğraflanmıştır. Elde edilen DNA bantları bt genleri için var veya yok olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Karşılaştırma yapmak için, 10 buğday çeşidine karşı beş Tilletia foetida (syn. leaves) izolatının hastalık yapma oranı tarla verilerinden elde edilmiştir. Kutluk ve 4-11 gibi bt10 ve bt11 genlerini içeren buğday çeşitlerin tarlada hastalığa karşı daha dirençli oldukları gözlenmiştir. Tüm buğday çeşitlerindeki beş bt geni için analiz sonuçları ve tarladaki direnç oranlarını gösterilmiştir.