No abstract

All pharmaceuticals are separated chromatographically using the liquid chromatographytime of flight/mass spectrometry (LC-ToF/MS) on a 5 µm, 2.1 mm × 250 mm, C18 column at 0.3 mL/min. The recovery is investigated at two spiking levels, 10 and 1 ng/mL; the mean recovery is higher than 77, 84, and 93% in sewage treatment plants (STP) influent, STP effluent, and surface water, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) averages 29, 16, 7, and 2 ng/L in STP influent, STP effluent, surface water, and drinking water, respectively. The matrix effect is also evaluated in STP influent and effluent. It is observed that sulfamethoxazole, prednisolone, ketoprofen, and glibenclamide are highly impacted compared to other compounds, −99, −110, 77, and 91%, respectively. The results show that six out of nine pharmaceuticals, namely atenolol, acetaminophen, theophylline, caffeine, metoprolol, and sulfamethoxazole are detected in STP influent, STP effluent, and surface water. However, the means of concentration are 561, 3305, 1805, 3900, 78, and 308 ng/L for atenolol, acetaminophen, theophylline, caffeine, metoprolol, and sulfamethoxazole, respectively, in STP influent. Caffeine and acetaminophen are detected with the highest concentration, reaching up to 8700 and 4919 ng/L, respectively, in STP influent.

In this study, we fabricated a modified biomaterial based on chitosan and gelatin, which is an intrinsic hydrophilic membrane for oil–water separation to clean water contamination by oil. Modification of the membrane with a non-toxic natural crosslinker, genipin, significantly enhanced the stability of the biopolymer membrane in a water-based medium towards an eco-friendly environment. The effects of various compositions of genipin-crosslinked chitosan–gelatin membrane on the rheological properties, thermal stability, and morphological structure of the membrane were investigated using a dynamic rotational rheometer, thermogravimetry analysis, and chemical composition by attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (ATR). Modified chitosan–gelatin membrane showed completely miscible blends, as determined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and ATR. Morphological results showed membrane with establish microstructure to further experiment as filtration product. The membranes were successfully tested for their oil–water separation efficiencies. The membrane proved to be selective and effective in separating water from an oil–water mixture. The optimum results achieved a stable microporous structure of the membrane (microfiltration) and a separation efficiency of above 98%. The membrane showed a high permeation flux, generated as high as 698 and 420 L m−2 h−1 for cooking and crude oils, respectively. Owing to its outstanding recyclability and anti-fouling performance, the membrane can be washed away easily, ensuring the reusability of the prepared membrane.

ABSTRAKLoji rawatan kumbahan (STP) PENGENALANAnalisis dan penentuan bahan pencemaran alam sekitar masa ini tidak hanya memberi tumpuan kepada bahan pencemar klasik, malah telah dilanjutkan kepada bahan pencemaran yang baharu. Bahan pencemar alam sekitar baru muncul meliputi pelbagai jenis bahan kimia yang sebahagian besarnya adalah di luar skop pemantauan alam sekitar. Farmaseutik yang merujuk kepada ubat-ubatan preskripsi serta boleh didapati terus di kaunter farmasi atau di kedai untuk kegunaan manusia dan haiwan (US º2008), tergolong dalam bahan pencemar alam sekitar baru muncul ini.Farmaseutik direka untuk merangsang atau menghalang tindak balas fisiologi pada manusia dan haiwan. Walau bagaimanapun, mereka boleh memberi kesan buruk terhadap ekologi bukan sasaran dan organisme hidup apabila dilepaskan ke alam sekitar. Penemuan yang dibuat oleh Oropesa et al. (2016) mencadangkan bahawa carbamazepine boleh bertindak sebagai pengganggu endokrin pada Daphnia magna kerana ia mengurangkan keluaran reproduktif, mengganggu penentuan seks dan menyebabkan ketidaknormalan perkembangan pada anak. Oleh itu, bahan farmaseutik secara langsung boleh

A new analytical method development based on solid phase extraction (SPE) combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was carried out. The optimum working conditions were obtained based on selection of 250 mL sample loading, 0.25 µL methanol as reconstitution solvent, 100% methanol as mobile phase and 270 nm as the optimum wavelength. Good linearity was obtained in the range of 0.015 -400 mg/L and the regression coefficient, R 2 , was 0.995. Limit of detection and quantification were calculated at LOD = 0.06 µg/L and LOQ = 0.2 µg/L respectively. Repeatability and robustness has showed good performance with low relative standard deviation less than 3.29% and 3.50% respectively. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF/MS) instrument was used to confirm that caffeine is definitely present in surface water with level of concentration ranged from 31.7 to 50.1 µg/L. All results were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA, Tukey with interval confidence 95% and P-value 0.05.Keywords: caffeine, stimulant, emerging pollutant, water quality, time of flight/mass spectrometry Abstrak Pembangunan kaedah analisis baru berasaskan pengekstrakan fasa pepejal bersama kromatografi cecair prestasi tinggi (KPCT) telah dijalankan. Kaedah optimum diperolehi berdasarkan tetapan iaitu 250 mL muatan sampel, 0.25 µL metanol sebagai pelarut, 100% methanol sebagai fasa bergerak dan 270 nm panjang gelombang yang optimum. Nilai kelinearan baik diperolehi pada julat kepekatan 0.015 -400 mg/L dan nilai pekali regresi, R 2 ialah 0.995. Had pengesanan dan kuantifikasi dihitung masing -masing pada LOD = 0.06 µg/L and LOQ = 0.2 µg/L. Kebolehulangan dan keteguhan kaedah menunjukkan prestasi baik dengan nilai sisihan piawai relatif yang rendah iaitu masing -masing kurang daripada 3.29% dan 3.50%. Spektrometri jisim masa penerbangan (TOF/MS) digunakan untuk mengesahkan kehadiran kafein di permukaan air dengan aras kepekatan antara julat 31.7 hingga 50.1 µg/L. Keputusan dianalisa mengunakan pendekatan statistik seperti ANOVA satu hala, Tukey dengan aras keyakinan 95% and nilai p 0.05.Kata kunci: kafein, perangsang, pencemar baru, kualiti air, spektrometri jisim/masa penerbangan