This paper aims to discuss complexity as a key feature for understanding the role of science knowledge in environmental and health contexts -a core issue in Science|Environment|Health pedagogy. Complex systems are, in principle, not predictable. In different contexts, ephemeral mechanisms produce different, sometimes completely unexpected results. The "art of decision making" in complex contexts is to take scientific knowledge into account, but to interpret its meaning in terms of concrete complex contexts. This is illustrated by four empirical studies on Science|Environment|Health issues, presented midway through this paper. The findings underscore the importance of introducing complexity issues into science education. Not only are all the grand health and environmental challenges of our times highly complex, but there is also evidence that introducing complexity into science education may motivate many students for science learning and change practice in science classrooms. Truly appreciating the role

This paper focuses on the competencies in environmental health acquired by students during compulsory education. Questionnaires addressing environmental health problems were completed by 923 students of primary and secondary schools from five different Spanish regions. The results for five challenging situations related to hunger, consumerism, climate change, pollution in the cities and allergies are analysed according to the internal coherence of each sub-competency, i.e., addressing knowledge, skills and attitudes towards these topics. Our results show that problems related to air and water pollution were the most commonly described by the students. Focusing on competency achievement, the higher the educational level, the higher the score students obtained, especially regarding pollution and climate change, two problems that appear directly in the school curriculum. The complexity of the concept of environmental health matches with the necessary holistic perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals in a polyhedral approach including as many factors (facets) as necessary to complete the approach to this evolving concept.

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Science|Environment|Health (S|E|H) is a new science pedagogy that aims at promoting the mutual benefit between the three educational fields of science education, environmental education, and health education. Holism and its conceptualisation has become an important topic in recent S|E|H work. In this paper, featuring the invited symposium of the ESERA special interest group 4 at the ESERA conference 2021, we suggest the concept of Two-Eyed Seeing as a basis for the definition of scientific holism in S|E|H. Two-Eyed Seeing as a metaphor was introduced by science education researchers working with Canadian aborigines. Based on Sellars's concept of stereoscopic view, we conceptualize Two-Eyed Seeing in S|E|H through an ontological framework. We define scientific holism as the "eye switch" from the scientific image to students' life-world image, a transition that we consider as equally important as the -more common -reductionist "eye switch" from students' lifeworlds back to the scientific image. Two-Eyed Seeing may then be understood as a continuous circulation of repeated "eye switches" between life-world image and scientific image. We illustrate this approach by three symposium contributions -communicating the meta-organism in school, scientific holism against eco-and health depression, and a holistic visual tool to approach S|E|H competencesand we discuss consequences for teaching and research in science education. We point out that, in a new S|E|H pedagogy and beyond, Two-Eyed Seeing may be a helpful extension to the well-established socio-scientific issues approach.