Productive externalities are significant determinants of agglomeration, not deeply studied at the industry and international level. We analyse the impact on productivity growth of technological externalities, both inter-and intraindustry, national or international, at the industry level for the European Union (EU) countries and the period 1995-2002. The results confirm the advisability of considering international externalities when countries are takes as regions, whose omission underestimates national spillovers. Together with national endowments and a central geographical position, the growth of productivity is encouraged by national and international specialization as a general result; moreover, it is fuelled by stronger interindustry spillovers and productive diversification, a result more evident for high technology industries, while lower technology industries are more sensitive to the omission of international externalities. Economic integration seems to be relevant, because supranational regions with less friction for goods and factor movements are more likely to take advantage of external economies as a mechanism of productivity growth and agglomeration.
La introducción del euro como moneda única en el marco de la Unión Económica y Monetaria ha planteado un intenso debate sobre los cambios estructurales que conlleva la consideración del euro como divisa internacional. Supone el paso del liderazgo a nivel mundial del dólar en el sistema monetario internacional a un sistema monetario bipolar, con dos grandes economías, la del área euro y la de Estados Unidos. En este contexto, el propósito de este artículo se centra en intentar analizar brevemente la situación econó-mica de estas zonas valorando así la actual cotización de sus dos monedas: el euro y el dólar. Para ello comenzaremos describiendo las características de la nueva zona del euro con las implicaciones del nuevo papel de su moneda en el sistema monetario internacional y los cambios que se han producido en el entorno, seguidamente analizaremos la situación del euro en términos de sobrevaloración o infravaloración, para posteriormente detallar los condicionantes de la
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