The education sector also received a major impact during the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, including in higher education institutions. A study on the level of readiness of students at Malaysian institutions of higher learning towards the use of Google Classroom was measured in this study. This is because the face-to-face teaching and learning (PdP) process needs to be changed to PdP virtual to ensure that the PdP process continues throughout the PdP period of social incarceration. A total of 79 students from Malaysian institutions of higher learning in 2020 have been the subject of the study. By using a questionnaire instrument distributed online through a google form, this study has received feedback from respondents. During the implementation of the online PdP process, researchers have studied the PdP level of readiness to use Google Classroom among students. The data were analysed with the help of descriptive statistical techniques by IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0 software. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that the respondents had a high level of readiness to use based on the three constructs that have been studied, namely knowledge, attitude, and motivation. The analysis of the study showed that the overall mean of the three study constructs was high, with a mean score value of 3.09. The results of the study also found that there was no significant difference between male and female students in the level of readiness to use the Google Classroom application. Thus, the results of the study also show that students do not have constraints at home to apply Google Classroom in the PdP process during the COVID-19 outbreak. This can be a catalyst for increased use of the Google Classroom application for students of higher education institutions. Abstrak Sektor pendidikan turut menerima impak yang besar ketika penularan wabak COVID-19 termasuk di institusi pendidikan tinggi. Kajian tentang tahap kesediaan pelajar institusi pengajian tinggi di Semenanjung Malaysia terhadap penggunaan Google Classroom telah diukur dalam kajian ini. Hal ini kerana proses Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran (PdP) secara bersemuka perlu diubah kepada secara maya bagi memastikan proses PdP tetap berjalan sepanjang tempoh penjarakan sosial. Seramai 79 pelajar institusi pengajian tinggi Malaysia tahun 2020 telah menjadi subjek kajian. Dengan mengunakan instrument soal selidik yang diedarkan secara atas talian melalui google form, kajian ini telah mendapat maklum balas daripada responden. Semasa pelaksanaan proses PdP secara atas talian, pengkaji telah mengkaji tahap kesediaan penggunaan Google Classroom secara menyeluruh dalam kalangan pelajar. Data dianalisis dengan bantuan teknik statistik deskriptif oleh perisian IBM SPSS Statistik versi 26.0. Hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan responden mempunyai tahap kesediaan penggunaan yang tinggi berdasarkan tiga konstruk yang telah dikaji iaitu pengetahuan, sikap dan motivasi. Analisis kajian menunjukkan min keseluruhan ketiga-tiga konstruk kajian adalah tinggi dengan nilai skor min 3.09. Hasil kajian juga mendapati tidak terdapat berbezaan yang besar antara pelajar lelaki dan pelajar perempuan dalam tahap kesediaan penggunaan aplikasi Google Classroom. Justeru, hasil dapatan kajian turut menunjukkan bahawa para pelajar tidak mempunyai kekangan di rumah untuk mengaplikasi Google Classroom dalam proses PdP semasa wabak COVID-19 ini. Hal ini boleh menjadi pemangkin kepada peningkatan penggunaan aplikasi Google Classroom bagi para pelajar institusi pendidikan tinggi.

SAM is known as a tuneable platform through an ultra-thin, biocompatible, and controlled organic film formed by self-assembled from a strong chemisorption of thiols (R-S-H) or its derivatives (R-OH, R-COO, R-COOH, R-NH2, etc.) onto metal or semiconductor substrate. The monolayer is offering hydrophobic-hydrophilic control depending on their terminal group. These flexibilities were functionalized in order to immobilize the biomolecule like DNA/RNA, antibody/antigen, bacteriophages, and aptamers as a selective receptor to capture E. coli selectively as the most dangerous microorganism in environmental water into an array system called biosensor. A number of methods have been developed to characterize the performance of SAM functionalization in immobilizing biomolecule for E. coli rapid detection and real time in optical and electrochemical (amperometric, potentiometric, and impedimetric). Till date, nano-materials and nanotechnologies has significantly contributed as a key role as in basic platform forming the sensor sensitively. Nano materials offer attractive properties like shape dependent physical and unique size, easy synthesize, easy surface functionalization, and enhancement of an electron transfer. This review will discuss the biomolecule immobilization techniques with SAM and the sensing mechanism.

Graphene, a family of carbon has been known as a superior material of both conducting and transparent. Therefore, graphene is very promising material for many applications on microelectronics and nanotechnology. The structural, thermal, optical and electrical properties of the graphene were also potential to be applied on sensor. Graphene is the most recognized nanoparticle for fabrication of biomedical sensors due to its stimulating qualities such as excellence aqueous process ability, functional surface properties, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, cell growth ability, and good biocompatibility. Due to the high specific surface area of graphene, it was very excellent material for gas sensor application. The outstanding properties of graphene were also led to increasing the demand of graphene every year which is dominated by China (70%), India (14%), and Canada (2%). Moreover, current marketplace of graphene was also dominated for academic research, super capacitor, ITO, and sensor. Every year, the market of graphene sensor is continuously increasing. This trend reveals graphene-based sensors very promising commodity for future technology. The present study highlights the state of art review and potential future local economic development of graphene for use as sensors.