This study aims to investigate the antibacterial effectiveness of adding liquid smoke from cocoa skin as antibacterial properties in raw milk and to determine the proper concentration of liquid smoke from cocoa skin as antibacterial properties in raw milk. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 levels of treatment and 3 replications. The observations were analyzed using ANOVA with the F test and the Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) continued to test at the 5% level. Observations were made on Staphylococcus Aureus, Coliform, and reduction time by using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method. The results showed that the concentration of liquid smoke from cocoa skin affected Staphylococcus Aureus, coliform, and the reduction time in raw milk by using the total plate count method. Based on the test results, it was found that the best antibacterial liquid smoke from cocoa skin in raw milk was the addition of 2% liquid smoke from cocoa skins with a reduction time of 642 minutes (10.7 hours).

This investigation aims to analyze the impact of the joint liability model on the sharia cooperatives’ performance in Indonesia. The respondents are several group lending members of sharia cooperatives in Java, the center of sharia cooperatives in Indonesia. This study utilized the purposive sampling method to select samples conducted in April 2021. Data collection was carried out by distributing online and offline questionnaires to several sharia cooperatives utilizing the joint liability model. Data from 98 respondents were further analyzed by PLS-SEM analysis. The results unveiled that joint liability, which was influenced by indicators of trusts, norms, and networks, had a positive and significant effect on sharia cooperatives’ performance as measured by members’ satisfaction and loyalty. Thus, sharia cooperatives can take advantage of and maintain the joint liability model based on trusts, norms, and networks. The rationale is that the joint liability application has followed cooperative principles: the principle of kinship and cooperation. In addition, such a model has proven to increase the loyalty and satisfaction of sharia cooperative members.

This study intentions to discover whether social cohesion significantly affects the performance of joint liability (tanggung renteng or TR) groups in sharia savings and loans cooperatives in Indonesia. The social cohesion dimension in this research includes peer selection and monitoring, peer sanctions, and social ties. Meanwhile, the TR group performance dimension is analyzed based on its ability to overcome moral hazards. This investigation adopts the quantitative method design. Focusing on the population of sharia savings and loan cooperatives, particularly in Java, surveys are distributed to their members to collect data. The data were evaluated quantitatively using PLS-SEM. The results show that peer selection and monitoring, and social ties have no impact on moral hazard behavior that measures TR group performance. In fact, social ties have a strong influence on the process of peer screening and monitoring. On the other hand, peer sanctions significantly positively impact moral hazard behavior. It is because the members of the observed TR groups cannot apply sanctions decisively and then trigger freeriding and strategic defaults in the group. There have not been many studies on TR groups in Indonesia that involve the social cohesion dimension in sharia-based cooperatives. This research can provide more in-depth knowledge about how the performance of TR groups in Indonesia is influenced by the level of social cohesion owned by sharia cooperative members.