The widespread and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in food animals is a key contributor to antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial residue, which have become a growing public and animal health concern in developing countries such as Bangladesh. This study was aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of large-animal farmers towards antimicrobial use (AMU), antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and antimicrobial residue (AR) with their correlation. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a structured and pretested questionnaire in the Mymensingh division of Bangladesh. A total of 212 large-animal farmers (dairy, beef fattening, buffalo, sheep, and goat farmers) were surveyed. Results showed that most of the farmers are male (85.8%) and belong to the 18–30 age group (37.3%). About 20.3% had no formal education, and nearly half of the participants (48.1%) received training regarding antibiotic use and resistance. Penicillin is the most common class of antibiotic used (61.8%) in the study area, followed by other antimicrobials. Only 37.7% of the farmers used antimicrobials on the recommendation of their veterinarian. Overall, 41.5%, 42.5%, and 21.7% of farmers possess adequate knowledge and a satisfactory attitude and perform desirable practices, respectively. Farmers in the 31–40 age group have adequate knowledge, attitude, and ability to implement desired practices compared to farmers in the 18–30 age group. Farmers having a graduate or post-graduate degree scored better in relation to knowledge, attitude, and practice than other farmers. Analysis revealed that farmers who received training on AMU and AMR had 10.014 times (OR = 10.014, 95% CIs: 5.252–19.094), 9.409 times (OR = 9.409, 95% CIs: 4.972–17.806), and 25.994 times (OR = 25.994, 95% CIs: 7.73–87.414) better knowledge, attitude, and performance, respectively, compared to their counterparts. A significant proportion of farmers (97.2%) dispose of leftover antibiotics inappropriately. The findings of the present study will be used to intervene in the education and training of the farmers, which will help to limit the indiscriminate and irrational use of antimicrobials, leading to reducing the chances of developing AMR.

Background Trichostrongylus is one of the most important nematodes infecting animals and humans. The current study was designed to identify the Trichostrongylus species infecting goats by multiplex PCR and phylogenetic analysis. Methods A total of 124 goats’ viscera were collected from different abattoirs of Mymensingh division. Trichostrongylus species were isolated and characterized based on morphometry, multiplex PCR and phylogenetic analysis. Results Among 124 viscera of goats, 39 were positive with two species, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Trichostrongylus vitrinus, revealing an overall 31.45% prevalence. Morphological identification of Trichostrongylus species was confirmed by multiplex PCR amplification of the ITS2 gene and sequencing. Partial sequencing of the ITS2 gene of two species revealed seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (three transitions and four transversions) in this study. The neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree demonstrated that T. colubriformis and T. vitrinus isolates were clustered together with the reference sequences that belong to the clade A and B without any geographical boundaries. Conclusions This is the first report on molecular and phylogenetic analysis of Trichostrongylus species from ruminants in Bangladesh. These results provide the baseline data for understanding the zoonosis and epidemiology of this parasite in Bangladesh and global perspectives.

. Fish-borne zoonotic parasites are a rapidly increasing health hazards for human in all over the world. There is a scarcity of information on the fish-borne zoonotic parasite infection in Bangladesh. The present study was aimed to investigate fish-borne helminth parasites in Bhola district. A total of 300 fresh fish samples were collected randomly from different local markets of Bhola district and transported to the laboratory of the Department of Parasitology, BAU. Fishes were homogenized and digested with pepsin-HCl solution for overnight and washed with NaCl solution for 8-9 times and then sediment was examined under a microscope to detect the presence of metacercariae/metacestode. Fishes were found to be infected with multiple infective stages of helminth parasites such as Opisthorchis sp., Clonorchis sp., Diphyllobothrium sp., Metagonimus sp. and Metorchis sp. In this study, 58% overall prevalence of fish-borne zoonotic parasites was recorded. About 80% metacercariae was found in Loitta (Harpadon nehereus) followed by 65% in Spotted snakehead (Channa punctata), 60% in Tilapia (Oreochromis nilolticus), 45% in Stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) and 24.28% in Indian carplet (Amblypharyngodon microlepis). The plerocercoid of Diphyllobothrium sp. were identified morphologically and was confirmed molecularly by PCR. This study indicates that fish-borne helminth parasites may pose a significant public health risk to the people of Bhola district.

Toxocariasis is a paramount parasitic disease having over 50% prevalence among newborn buffalo calves in Bangladesh. The objective of this study was to compare the e cacy of clinically used anthelmintics and their subsequent effects on the hematological parameters and body weight in buffalo calves in commercial buffalo farms in coastal region. Thirty-two buffalo calves below 3 months of age with clinical Toxocara infection had been selected and treated with albendazole (ABZ), levamisole (LVM) and ivermectin (IVM). The EPG counts, hematological parameters and initial body weight of buffalo calves were recorded on the day of anthelmintic treatment (day 0). Fecal samples were collected on day 14 and 28 including hematological parameters and body weight were recorded on day 28 post-treatment. The e cacy (%) of anthelmintics were estimated by fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT).The parameters like Hb, PCV, ESR, TEC, TLC were analyzed from the blood samples. The FECRT revealed 96.83% e cacy for IVM followed by 94.23% and 85.84% for LVM and ABZ, respectively. Anthelmintic treated calves showed signi cant (p<0.01) increase in Hb, PCV, TEC and body weight, and decrease in ESR and TLC as a result of worm expulsion from buffalo calves after 28 days of post-treatment. Among the tested anthelmintics, IVM was found to be more effective against toxocariasis in buffalo calves. This is a novel new information on anthelmintics e cacy in buffalo calves in Bangladesh. Further studies are imperative to explore the factors responsible for high prevalence of this deadly nematode in buffalo calves.

Trichostrongylus is one of the most economically important and zoonotic trichostrongylid nematode infecting both animals and humans, causing a disease known as trichostrongyliasis. The study was designed to identify Trichostrongylus species infecting goats by morphology-morphometry followed by multiplex PCR and phylogenetic characterization. A total of 124 viscera of goats were collected from different slaughter houses of Mymensingh division of Bangladesh, processed and trichostrongylids were isolated and identified under microscope. Among 124 viscera of goats, 39 were positive with two species of Trichostrongylus, namely, T. colubriformis and T. vitrinus showing an overall 31.45% prevalence. Morphological identification of Trichostrongylus species was confirmed by multiplex PCR amplification of ITS2 gene and sequencing (accession numbers ON721586 to ON721593 for T. colubriformis and T. vitrinus, respectively). Partial sequencing of ITS2 gene of T. vitrinus and T. colubriformis showed 3 and 4 haplotypes, respectively and 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were detected (3 transitions and 4 transversions). The neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree demonstrated that T. colubriformis and T. vitrinus isolates were clustered together with the reference sequences of T. colubriformis and T. vitrinus isolates that belongs to the clade A and B without any geographical boundaries. This is the first report on molecular study and phylogenetic analysis of Trichostrongylus species from goat in Bangladesh. The finding from this study will provide the baseline data for identification, differentiation and phylogenetic analysis of Trichostrongylus species in Bangladesh. Further, extensive investigation is imperative to reveal the population genetics of Trichostrongylus parasite from other livestock and humans of Bangladesh.