Episodic memory retrieval is crucial for survival and can be impaired by divided attention. However, since memory retrieval consists of different stages, divided attention can impair each stage uniquely, leading to retrieval failures. It is important to acknowledge the multistage characteristics of episodic memory retrieval to understand the cognitive mechanisms that mediate the relationship between memory retrieval and divided attention. Here we attempt to unravel the role of divided attention in gating the access to long-term memories through its unique impact on a non-exhaustive list of six stages of a memory retrieval task: processing of retrieval cue, initiating a retrieval mode, searching for the target memory, retrieving, and reactivating the target memory, decision-making, and motor preparation to produce a response. We describe how each stage might be affected by divided attention. To do so, we review not only studies on memory retrieval but also areas that constitute different stages described above given the lack of extensive research that explores the role of attention for each stage. We hope this work will contribute to carefully controlling and manipulating how different stages are affected by attention, which in turn will improve our understanding of the relationship between attention and memory retrieval.

To understand drivers' yielding behavior, field observations and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Cramer's V and logistic regression analyses of the field observation on 1140 drivers and pedestrians demonstrated that driver gender and pedestrian age have significant relationships with the tendency to yield the right of way. Other than gender and age, road characteristics were also investigated to understand the nature of this relationship between drivers and pedestrians to a broader extent. From the interviews' thematic analysis, four themes related to participants' thoughts about yielding behavior were obtained: "Places of Interaction," "Trust in Rules," "Factors Affecting Yielding Behavior", and "Future Solutions." Both the analysis of interviews and the observations showed that driver-pedestrian interaction is an essential factor regarding traffic safety.

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