The comfort and productivity of workers may be affected differently by the indoor air quality (IAQ) and related risk factors at the office and at home. Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) is one of the health issues usually faced by workers. SBS is generally associated with the time spent in a building, IAQ, and other related risk factors. The study reviewed papers published in journal articles and conferences regarding IAQ, environmental risk factors and SBS in the last ten years. The review employed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 items from two significant databases, Scopus and Web of Science. The review steps involved identification, screening, eligibility, data extraction and analysis. The study found that air quality in a building significantly influences work productivity and may contribute to SBS. Findings show that SBS symptoms are linked to various personal characteristics, sociodemographic, working environment and IAQ factors. The physical contaminants, chemical contaminants and ventilation rate have established relations with SBS symptoms. These findings can help to form interventions aiming to improve IAQ and the productivity of occupants.

Adult Occupant Protection (AOP) is a vital area of evaluation in all New Car Assessment Programs (NCAPs) around the globe. The primary objective of these new car assessment programs is to reduce road deaths by focusing on vehicle (pre-crash) safety features. Starting from the year 2017 until 2020, a single rating system has been introduced whereby AOP contributes 50% to the overall rating with a maximum of 36 points; split into three main domains including offset frontal test (OFT), side impact test (SIT) and head protection technology (HPT). However, the extent of OFT protection to car drivers and passengers during a collision still needs to be explored. Therefore, in this study, an evaluation of body region injury due to AOP failure in frontal crash is conducted to validate and support NCAP rating. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is put forward on the basis of expert's input from various related fields to evaluate the injury to body regions and OFT protection during an accident based on the current situation. The results show that head, neck and chest indicated the highest severity, followed by knee, femur and lower leg with respect to the Consistency Ratio (CR) of 0.0633. This was in line with the focus of ASEAN NCAP's AOP protocol whereby the three body regions were deemed as the critical parts and required sufficient protection. Based on the findings, it is proven that ASEAN NCAP's consideration of OFT in AOP is well developed and suits the current needs.

ASEAN NCAP is a well-known automobile safety rating program in evaluating new cars for performance against various safety threats on the road. For the Southeast Asian countries, Adult Occupant Protection (AOP), Child Occupant Protection (COP) and Safety Assist Technology (SAT) are domains used in the ASEAN NCAP assessment. In a recent rating protocol, the AOP domain contributes 50 percent of the overall rating system with a maximum 36 points from three main elements consisting of Offset Frontal Test (OFT), Side Impact Test (SIT) and Head Protection Technology (HPT). Frontal crashes resulted in a severe injury that comes from contact with frontal components and ejection; however, side crashes are also reported to have high rates of serious injury and fatality as compared to other crash types. However, in the ASEAN NCAP assessment programme, to what extent side impact test helps to reduce the severity of injury to the car driver and passenger when the collision happened need to be explored. Therefore, the injury of body region on the side impact due to AOP failure were evaluated and reported in this paper to strengthen this program where the recommendation for performing side impact test could be proposed to ensure successful performance. The elements on the side impact test were extracted and decomposed from the existing structure. Next, input from the expert panels of various related backgrounds regarding the injury of body region on side impact test was gathered and evaluated using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The result shows that the head, neck, and chest have the highest rank, followed by an abdomen with a Consistency Ratio (CR) of 0.0079. The finding of this paper will help to evaluate the existing side impact test in the AOP assessment.

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