Concrete is commonly used as a construction material because of the important properties is broadly utilized as development materials within the development segment. Unfortunately, the component of cement within the concrete results in many side-effects such as affecting the environment. Therefore, this paper presented the review of essential to seek out an alternative materials which may be utilized as cement replacement materials by reutilizing agricultural waste ash. Selected agricultural waste ash which are Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Oyster Shell Powder (OSP) were review in terms of their compressive strength and slump height of the mixture. The treated palm oil ash which is going to be used as partial cement replacement material for the proper design mix and optimal ash replacement. The replacement percentage of palm ash in the concrete were set at 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight with the optimal replacement ratio of the supplementary cementitious content. Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) is a material that having sufficient requirements to be a good pozzolana and cementitious material according to ASTMC618 in terms of chemical composition. POFA is a material that consists high silica contents. By having more silica contents, it will help to improve the properties, in particular its compressive strength, bond strength, and abrasion resistance. After conducting several research, it was concluded that the optimal replacement for POFA is 20% and it is better to have finer POFA. POFA also proved some of the important properties is the CO2 emissions would be reduce.

This paper reviews the difference between glazed and unglazed ceramic and porcelain tiles, other than the fact that glazed tiles undergo an additional phase in the firing process. Both tiles are made of clay and burned in a kiln, but porcelain is a particular sort of ceramic. Porcelain clays have a greater density and are burnt at a higher temperature for a longer period time than ceramic clays. This makes it denser and more durable than ceramic tile. The variation in components and production process results in tiles with distinct properties. Although glazed ceramic and porcelain tiles are a little less robust in terms of density and thickness than their unglazed counterpart, they allow for a wider range of styles and colours. Some varieties of glazed tile are fired at higher temperatures than others, and therefore are harder as well. Unglazed tiles are denser and thicker than glazed tiles due to their unfinished appearance. In addition to safety, ceramic and unglazed ceramic tiles are scratch resistant. Because they have the colour of the mineral deposits from which the clay was originally mined, these tiles have a natural aesthetic. The major difference between ceramic and porcelain tiles is how it’s made. In conclusion, porcelain tiles are superior to ceramic tiles based on these reviews.

Solar pavement technology has numerous benefits for advanced life and environmental protection, including reduced fossil fuel usage, reduction harmful emissions from conventional electricity generation and handy reliable electricity via solar energy. This paper aims to find an alternative for cost effective renewable energy sources is in conjunction with the principles of sustainability. This research studies whether the application of thermal energy harvesting road pavement using sustainable conductive piping such as stainless steel, copper, and aluminium are feasible in Malaysia. The scope of the paper is to optimize the suitable parameters for different materials of thermal energy harvester such as pipe material, pipe depth inserted into pavement, types of pipe arrangement, pipe spacing, and flow rate for maximum thermal energy extraction using numerical simulation. The simulation is testing under engineering software ANSYS Workbench 19.2 (Fluent) and Solidworks 2020 to develop project prototype from optimize thermal energy harvester. Thus, serpentine copper pipe shows the highest heat efficiency which is 32.22% with the temperature outlet of 327.35K (54.21°C) at the pipe located at 50 mm from the surface pavement with the pipe spacing of 80 mm centre-to-centre.