This study synthesizes the neodymium-based manganites with Bi doping, Nd1−xBixMnO3 (x = 0, 0.25 and 0.50) using the solid-state reaction route. The crystal structural, morphological and magnetic properties were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and AC magnetic susceptibility. The Rietveld refinement confirmed that the compounds were in the single-phase orthorhombic structure of the NdMnO3 with Pbnm space group and lattice parameter b increased with doping from 5.5571 (x = 0) to 5.6787 (x = 0.5). FTIR spectra showed that absorption bands were located within the range of 550–600 cm−1, which corresponded to the Mn–O stretching vibration. FESEM exhibited homogenous compound. The AC magnetic susceptibility measurement studies showed a strong antiferromagnetic (AFM) to paramagnetic (PM) transition existed at 76 K, 77 K and 67 K for samples (x = 0, 0.25 and 0.50), respectively.

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The effects of K+ substitution at the Ba-site on the structural, magnetic, and electrical properties and magnetoresistance (MR) of La0.7Ba0.3−xKxMnO3 (x = 0 and 0.04) manganites prepared via the solid-state method were investigated. Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction data confirmed that both samples were crystallized in the rhombohedral structure with the R3̄c space group. In addition, the unit cell volume, V, and the average grain size also increased with K+ ions. Magnetization versus applied field (M–H) measurement was carried out, and the saturation magnetization (Ms ) was found to increase from 1.81 μB/f.u. (x = 0) to 4.11 μB/f.u. (x = 0.04), implying that K+ ions strengthened the ferromagnetic (FM) interaction. Furthermore, the metal–insulator transition temperature, TMI, increased from 257 K (x = 0) to 271 K (x = 0.04). The observed behaviour may be related to the enhancement of double-exchange (DE) interaction due to the increase in Mn-O-Mn bond angle and electronic bandwidth (W), favouring the increasing rate of the eg electron hopping process. The fitting of the electrical resistivity data in the metallic region describes the significance of residual resistivity, electron–electron and electron–magnon scattering processes to elucidate the electronic transport properties. Within the insulating region, variable range hopping (VRH) and small polaron hopping (SPH) models are proposed to describe the conduction mechanism.

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The goal of this research is to look into Langkawi's desirability as a potential senior-friendly destination in Malaysia through the eyes of a middle-aged tourist. The four attractiveness dimensions of a prospective senior-friendly location developed in the research framework are attractions, accessibility, amenities, and complementary services. Malaysians aged 40 to 54 make up the study's sample population. The descriptive analysis is used in the study to expand on the data and interpret it into findings.  One hundred twenty-six respondents found that attractions are the most impactful feature of a senior-friendly destination. Various cultural and historical monuments, such as Makam Mahsuri and Padang Mat Sirat, influenced middle-aged travellers' preferences and choices. The result also highlights four attractive factors that players in the Langkawi tourism industry can employ to increase tourist satisfaction and obtain a competitive advantage over other tourism locations. Stakeholders should work to improve the destination's attractiveness to fulfil the needs of senior tourists and make it a future senior-friendly attraction by 2050. The study results provide an opportunity for theoretical expansion in the highlighted academic and practical implications.