The coral reef ecosystem in Indonesian as part of Coral Triangle Region has been significantly decreasing in the last decades. This damage has been known widely due to coastal development, pollution, and uncontrolled fishing and harvesting. Among other many living species in the environment, the existence of coral reefs is directly related to the existence of Drupella sp. and Acanthaster planci as the coral predators, while the existence of the predators also related to the Napoleon wrasse and Giant triton/ Trumpet shell as the top predator. This study discusses the interaction among the coral reefs, the predators and the top predators, which is represented in a dynamical model of predator-prey-top predator. In the absence of top predators, the system is reduced as a two-predator-prey model with only one surviving predator, Acanthaster planci, which has more effective predation behavior. The role of Napoleon wrasse as a top predator of both Acanthaster planci and Drupella sp. is significantly important to protect the coral reef from the excessive predation from Acanthaster planci and Drupella sp. A stable coexistence is shown between coral reef, Acanthaster planci and Napoleon wrasse. With the appearance of Giant tritons which predate only Acanthaster planci, a coexistence between five species may occur with abundant species of Giant triton.

This study aims to describe the principles of nationalism in the Jprut novel by Putu Wijaya. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data source in this research is Jprut's novel by Putu Wijaya. Data collection techniques in this research are done by reading and taking notes and analyze techniques. The reading technique is related to reading and understanding the contents of the novel, while the writing technique is used to record important data or information related to the values of nationalism contained in Jprut's novel by Putu Wijaya. The results of this study indicate four principles of nationalism from the five existing principles. First, the aspect of unity described in the spirit of mutual cooperation delivered by Bung Karno by the main character. The aspect of independence described by the main character in freedom of speech. The aspect of equality illustrated by the anger of local residents when the main character's house flew the flag upside down, and the last is the aspect of personality that is shown by the attitude of the main character that is different from other residents.

Buah pare (Momordica charantia L.)  merupakan tanaman yang memiliki bau khas yang dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sebagai sayuran dan untuk pengobatan tradisional seperti batuk berdahak dan disentri. Buah pare memiliki kandungan senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, dan triterpenoid yang dapat memiliki aktivitas sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan aktivitas antibakteri berdasarkan diameter zona hambat ekstrak buah pare terhadap Vibrio cholerae dan Bacillus cereus. Buah pare dikeringkan lalu di maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96% dilanjutkan uji skrinning fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antibakteri dengan metode disc diffusion konsentrasi ekstrak 2%, 4%, 8% kontrol positif menggunakan antibiotik kloramfenikol dan kontrol negatif DMSO. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak buah pare memiliki aktivitas terhadap bakteri Vibrio cholerae dan Bacillus cereus dan konsentrasi yang memiliki zona hambat terbesar adalah konsentrasi 8%.Bitter gourd fruit (Momordica charantia L.) is a plant that has a distinctive smell and is used by the community as a vegetable and for traditional medicine such as cough with phlegm and dysentery. Bitter gourd contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and triterpenoids that have antibacterial activity. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity based on the diameter of the inhibition zone of bitter melon extract against Vibrio cholerae and Bacillus cereus. Bitter gourd fruit was dried and then macerated with 96% ethanol as a solvent, followed by phytochemical screening tests and antibacterial activity tests using the disc diffusion method with extract concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 8% as positive controls using chloramphenicol antibiotics and DMSO as a negative control. The results showed that bitter melon extract had activity against the bacteria Vibrio cholerae and Bacillus cereus, and the concentration that had the largest inhibition zone was 8%.