Since its first introduction in 2003 until January 2009 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) was reported in 31 of 33 provinces of Indonesia. In addition, 115 fatal human cases have been reported in the same period and about 11 million chickens had died or been culled. In 2005 alone, about 60% of farms stopped their operations. The objective of this paper is to describe the socio-economic impact of HPAI on small producers in Indonesia. Simultaneous surveys were conducted in three provinces representing low, medium and high incidence areas, with total respondents of 720 farms. Socio-economic information before, during and after the HPAI outbreak were collected. Results indicated that poultry-raising decreased due to HPAI by 25-80% for broiler, 7-93% for layer and 48% for ducks. Overall, the number of farms stopping operations was 30% and in the high incidence area nearly 70%. The proportion of income from poultry for daily household expenditure decreased from 75-91% before to 38-82% after the HPAI outbreak. We observed more loan requests and less saving in the HPAI-infected farms. Direct impact of HPAI was also seen by decrease in expenditures for education and daily consumption in particular in the high incidence farms. The high proportion of income in pre-HPAI infection indicated the poultry enterprise as the main source of income. HPAI caused significant losses in all study areas through high mortality, lower production and lower demand for poultry products. However, levels of social relationship, social networking, social trust, social organization and decision making remained unchanged. To re-establish the poultry enterprise, the best target are low incidence areas that are less densely populated with humans and poultry.

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ABSTRAK Vaksinasi adalah salah satu cara pengendalian penyakit fl u burung pada usaha peternakan unggas. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang menentukan keputusan peternak dalam implementasi vaksinasi, yaitu: jenis unggas, pengalaman peternak dalam usaha peternakan unggas, pola pengelolaan usaha peternakan unggas, peran usaha peternakan unggas terhadap pendapatan rumah tangga, skala usaha peternakan unggas, tingkat kematian unggas, biaya kesehatan unggas, dan kasus penyakit fl u burung. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa jenis unggas dan peran usaha peternakan unggas terhadap pendapatan rumah tangga berpengaruh nyata terhadap keputusan peternak dalam implementasi vaksinasi fl u burung. Kenyataannya, implementasi vaksinasi fl u burung lebih efektif pada usaha peternakan unggas mandiri karena risiko penyakit ditanggung sendiri oleh peternak. Selain itu, implementasi vaksinasi fl u burung juga lebih efektif pada usaha peternakan unggas yang belum pernah terkena penyakit fl u burung, khususnya usaha peternakan unggas petelur. Hal yang harus diperhatikan adalah bahwa implementasi vaksinasi fl u burung lebih efektif jika didukung penerapan biosekuriti pada usaha peternakan unggas.

<p>Beef products demand keeps increasing and its domestic supply is insufficient. Domestic beef production to meet domestic demand is one of priorities in the 2015-2019 Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Agriculture. This study aims to examine feasibility of cattle business, channel supply chain, and supply chain management performance of cattle and beef commodities. The method of analysis using approaches of feasibility cattle business, supply chain channels of cattle and beef commodities, and cattle supply chain management at farmers’ level. Analysis results show that small-scale cattle fattening business on cash costs was still profitable, but its profit was lower or incurring loss if based on the total costs. Medium and large business scales were profitable and depending on the race types of cattle business. Supply channels were diverse and quite long controlled by middlemen, slaughters, and inter-regional traders/distributors. Supply chain management performance of cattle commodity was relatively well structured with low to moderate market integration. To improve the supply chain management performance, it is necessary to implement a horizontally-integrated business. In addition, it is urgent to involve small and medium-large business involvement, as well as partial vertical integration.</p><p> </p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Produk daging sapi permintaannya terus meningkat dan belum mampu dipenuhi dari produksi domestik. Pemerintah memutuskan bahwa pemenuhan kebutuhan daging sapi menjadi salah satu prioritas utama yang tercantum dalam Renstra Kementerian Pertanian 2015-2019. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kelayakan usaha ternak sapi pada berbagai skala usaha, saluran rantai pasok, dan kinerja manajemen rantai pasok komoditas ternak sapi dan daging sapi. Metode analisis menggunakan analisis kelayakan usaha ternak sapi, saluran rantai pasok komoditas ternak dan daging sapi, serta manajemen rantai pasok ternak sapi di tingkat peternak. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa usaha penggemukan sapi skala kecil atas biaya tunai masih menguntungkan, namun jika berdasarkan atas biaya total keuntungannya menjadi turun bahkan merugi. Pada usaha skala menengah dan besar memberikan keuntungan yang bervariasi dari moderat hingga tinggi tergantung pada ras sapi yang diusahakan. Saluran rantai pasok sangat beragam dan cukup panjang dengan peran utama pedagang pengumpul antar desa/kecamatan dan pedagang pemotong/pejagal, dan pedagang antar daerah/distributor. Kinerja manajemen rantai pasok komoditas ternak sapi menunjukkan bahwa  tipe struktur pengelolaan rantai pasok ternak dan daging sapi tergolong kategori “keterkaitan pasar” dengan tingkat kinerja pada level rendah hingga moderat. Implikasi kebijakan untuk meningkatkan kinerja manajemen rantai pasok dapat dilakukan melalui usaha yang terintegrasi secara horizontal, meningkatkan kinerja penerapan manajemen rantai pasok dengan melibatkan usaha skala kecil dan menengah/besar, dan meningkatkan integrasi vertikal secara parsial ke arah lebih holistik. </p>

The implementation of price support policy has been facing pro and contra among the stakeholders. The experience of many developing countries in reducing their domestic support to farmers has been increasing the number of poverty incidence and threatened food security in the country. On the other side, developed countries still implement their huge domestic support to their agricultural industries. The objective of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of food price support policy to national food security; this result can be considered by the government in accelerating agriculture revitalization. This study used secondary data (time series) and analyzed using ECM. Some findings of the study show that food availability at national level could not guarantee the accessibility of food at household level. To make the price support policy effective, the price should be accomplished by other policies, especially government policy in providing rural infrastructure, increasing farmer's income and increasing good management control in financial aspects, specifically government expenditures related to food programs. ABSTRAKPenerapan kebijakan harga pangan menghadapi pro dan kontra. Pengalaman negara berkembang yang mengurangi bantuan terhadap petani menyebabkan tingkat kemiskinan tidak membaik dan mengancam ketahanan pangan. Di sisi lain, negaranegara maju masih cukup besar memberi dukungan pada industri pertaniannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efektivitas kebijakan harga pangan yang dilakukan pemerintah terhadap ketahanan pangan nasional sehingga dapat dijadikan pertimbangan untuk merevitalisasi pertanian. Data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder runut waktu dan dianalisis dengan model Error Correction Model (ECM). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ketersediaan pangan di tingkat nasional terbukti tidak menjamin akses pangan di tingkat rumah tangga. Untuk mengefektifkan kebijakan harga pangan perlu didukung oleh kebijakan lain, terutama kebijakan penyediaan infrastruktur, peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat, dan membenahi kebocoran-kebocoran dana yang berkaitan dengan program pangan.Kata kunci : kebijakan harga, ketersediaan pangan, konsumsi pangan