Background: The use of combinational approach in chemotherapeutic management has proven more effective against infectious disease and lower resistance development but the untoward effect of this is yet to be explored for alternative medicine. Aims: This study aimed to study the effect of a combinational approach of herbal drugs on Escherichia coli response. Methods: E. coli was treated in different concentrations of combined herbal drugs (Beta herbal drugs and Deep root herbal mixture – BD) and (Beta herbal drug and Goko cleanser – BG). The different concentrations of the mixtures employed were: 33.3%, 11.1%, 3.7%, 1.2% and 0.4%. The bacteria concentration of 103 CFU/ml was treated in the different concentrations of the herbal drugs. The growth response of the cultures were analyzed at 24 and 48 hrs. The antibiotic sensitivity of the bacteria exposed to the herbal drugs were measured against perfloxacin (PEF), ciprofloxacin (CIP), streptomycin (S), and septrin (SEP). Results: The growth response curve showed growth of E. coli peaked in the lower concentrations but levelled down in the higher concentrations. 24 hr growth conditions showed much higher growth level than 48 hr. Higher concentrations of BG drug combination showed higher zones of clearance and only one concentration showed resistance: 0.4% (CIP). There was no unique pattern seen in the sensitivity of E. coli treated with BD however, there was five (5) cases of complete resistance: 0.4% (PEF), 1.2% (PEF) and 11.1% (CIP and SEP). Conclusion: In vitro, the combined herbal drugs do not completely eliminate E. coli. However, some concentrations of the combinations demonstrated complete resistance to the antibiotics which shows that these locally made antimicrobial could confer antibiotic resistance to E. coli.

Crude oil discovery and exploration in the Niger Delta of Nigeria which includes Delta, Bayelsa, Abia, Rivers, Cross River, Akwa-Ibom, Imo, Edo and Ondo States of Nigeria, has led to significant economic growth of the nation especially in the creation of job opportunities also the generation of revenue. Unfortunately, Oil thefts have become the idea that replaced the most crisis and agitations in the Niger Delta communities against the perceived neglect of the areas. This had resulted to widespread operation of illegal oil bunkering activities called Kpofire. Kpofire, as described by the Niger deltans, is a process of burning crude oil by illegal oil operatives or thieves at isolated locations called bunkering sites or dumpsites in order to extract refined petroleum products. The design for the extraction of the petroleum products involves the sections of steaming and collection. These sections are connected by a very long pipe. Heat is applied to the steaming section using wood from the mangroves that is called ‘Ngala’ or ‘Agala’, thereafter, crude oil is used. The products extracted are fuel, kerosene and diesel. One of the major problems of Kpofire is the introduction of soot into the environment. Soot is a product is uncontrolled and incomplete combustion or pyrolisis of materials that contain carbon. The highest constituent of soot is the Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). The Niger Delta people are faced with daily environmental challenges such as inadequate housing facilities, contaminated drinking water sources, barren lands for agriculture, dead rivers for fishing activities and poor health conditions, soot, which has become a gradual but huge challenge in many Niger Delta communities, has been shown to play a huge role in respiratory, skin, and reproductive health conditions.  However, vulnerability is seen more in babies and children (particularly because their respiratory organs are not matured enough), the elderly, and people with preexisting health conditions, also heart or lung diseases (such as asthma). High exposure to PAH at prenatal stages is linked to a low IQ and lead to increased behavioral problems in the early-age child and childhood asthma. A collective effort is needed to put a stop this menace called kpofire in order to avoid environmental pollution thereby endangering the health of the people of Niger Delta.