High altitude pasturelands (Tsamdro) are important grazing grounds of livestock in Bhutan. Pasturelands are degrading due to overgrazing and shrub encroachment along with climate change. The lack of floristic knowledge of such pastureland would mean permanent loss of phytodiversity if not studied timely. This floristic study was conducted for two seasons using quadrat method of vegetation analyses. Phytodiversity was determined using different biodiversity indices. A total of 83 species in 60 genera belonging to 35 families were recorded from the pastureland including two endemic species, Halenia elliptica D. Don and Viola bhutanica H. Hara. Asteraceae, Rosaceae and Gentianaceae are species rich families. Species indicated a high richness with 2.17, dominance index was 0.92 for species like Elsholtzia strobilifera (Benth) Benth, Swertia spp., Fragaria nubicola (Lindl. ex. Hook.f.) Lacaita, Potentilla sp., Trifolium repens L., Euphorbia griffithii Hook. f., and Plantago erosa Wall. The diversity value was 2.97, indicating low diversity with even distribution (0.91). Similarity index of 0.70 indicated fairly similar floristic composition in autumn and spring seasons. This study provides basic information on floristic composition and phytodiversity of pastureland, which can be incorporated for pastureland management and conservation.

Fungal pathogens are most common plant pathogen of ornamental plants, reducing their aesthetic and ornamental value. Thus, the study was conducted for the diagnosis of diseases and to maintain the aesthetic value of the ornamental plants in the college campus. The fungal diseases in the campus were studied through symptomatic and microscopic studies, using micrometry for conidial size measurement. A total of 15 fungal pathogens were observed causing 4 different types of diseases on 13 ornamental plant species. Fungal leaf spot caused by Alternaria sp., Cercospora sp., Cladosporium magnoliigena, Diplocarpon rosae, Pestalotiopsis sp., Phyllosticta sp. and Didymella curtisii were observed on 8 host species followed by powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe communis, Golovinomyces cichoracearum, Oidium jasmini, Podosphaera pannosa on 5 host. Black sooty mold (Capnodium sp.) and rust (Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis) were observed on corresponding plant host. This report acquaints ornamental growers and others with general symptoms of ornamental plant diseases and possible fungal pathogens commonly observed in the campus.