The active approach for background modeling is described in this report. Under this technique, the background is assessed during the optimization of the peak parameters. In contrast, under the traditional (static) approach, the background is defined prior to peak fitting. The active has many advantages over the static, such as that the peak areas are often underestimated under the static approach. The active technique allows for treating the background as a combination of various background types. There are many reports in the literature where some of the features of the active approach are employed. Also described in this report is the Shirley–Vegh–Salvi–Castle (SVSC) background, which is a variant of the Shirley–Proctor–Sherwood method that does not require iterations. The advantages of the SVSC over the Shirley–Proctor–Sherwood background are fully described. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Illustrating the selective modification of the HNTs for the incorporation of AgNPs and site-specific covalent immobilization of the GOx enzymes.

The background in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data originates, partially, from inelastically scattered photoelectrons. In fact, the current theoretical methods for calculating the background intensity are based on electron energy losses. However, a critical part of the experimental signal, which is known as the Shirley background, cannot be described within the current formalisms. This suggests that the Shirley electrons are not associated with energy losses of photoelectrons and must originate from a different photoexcitation phenomenon with a cross section of its own.We propose a mechanism based on core channeling as the physical origin of the Shirley signal.

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