For the implementation of productive potential of soybeans, it was presented an effective method of post-harvest residue destruction with the biologics in rice crop rotation. The research was conducted at the Institute of Rice of NAAS during 2016–2018. In autumn, post-harvest rice residues were treated with the Biocomplex-BTU Ecostern biodestructor (1l/ha) in combination with carbamide (concentrated amide water-soluble fertilizer) (30 kg/ha). The variant with the carbamide application (30 kg/ha) in autumn was a control. The application of the Biocomplex-BTU Ecostern biodestructor (1 l/ha) in combination with car-bamide increased the total number of pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi in the soil from 65.5 to 80.5 thou-sand/g of soil, or 22.9 %. Thus, the pathogenic microflora content in the studied variant was lower than in the control (carbamide application at rate of 30 kg/ha) by 21.8 %, and the number of saprotrophs increased 3.3 times. When Ecostern biodestructor and carbamide were combined for application, the number of antagonistic fungi doubled, while the number of toxin-forming fungi reduced by 9.4 %. Soybean yield at the combined application of Ecostern biodestructor and carbamide increased by 0.6 t/ha, or 17.9 % compared to the control (carbamide – 30 kg/ha). In addition, in this variant, the content of post-harvest rice residues in the soil at the soybean sowing was lower by 1.25 g/kg of soil, or 20.3 % compared to the control, which created favorable conditions for seed germination. It was observed that the yield increased due to the higher plant density and the number of beans per plant. Before harvesting, the soybean plant density due to the high field germination of seeds in the studied variant was 45 pcs/m2, which is 9.7 % more than the control (41 pcs/m2). The number of beans was 24 and 28 pcs/plant, and exceeded the control by 16.7 %; the thousand grain weight was 156.2 and 157.5 g which is more than the control by 0.8 %. Key words: post-harvest residues, microorganisms, fertilizers, soil, rice, soybeans, grain yield, thou-sand grains weight.
The influence of the systems of basic tillage on the number of microorganisms for the cultivation of winter barley, corn for grain and soybean in irrigated crop rotation in the South of Ukraine was determined. Placement of variants of the experiment of basic tillage was carried out: plowing-plow PLN-5-35; chisel loosening-GRNF-4M and CHG-40-02; disk to a shallow depth (12-16 cm)-heavy disk harrow BDVP-4,2; disk on surface (6-8 cm)-light disk harrow BDLP-4 with soil rollers. Placement of variants in the experiment is systematic, repetition-four times, area of sites-450 m 2. The control variant is the generally accepted system of multi-depth plowing to a depth of 20-22 cm for winter barley and 28-30 cm-for corn for grain. It was found that the beginning of the spring vegetation of winter barley with the background of N 75 R 60 per 1 hectare of crop rotation area, the largest number of microorganisms (27.16 million pieces/g of absolutely dry soil) noted in the variant of multi-depth basic tillage with the rotation. In the case of plowing at one depth (12-14 cm) the number of ammonifying microorganisms was the lowest compared to other systems of primary tillage and relatively to plowing (23-25 cm) decreased by 12-23%. Inoculation of soybean seeds with a bacterial substances ABM (bacteria of the genus Rhizobium, strains 201, 202, 203) with fertilizing of N 60 P 60 in the period from the beginning of the vegetation and before harvesting, there was an increase in the number of microorganisms within from 7.0 to 15.5%, in the case of shallow plowing at one depth and in variants with differentiated tillage. Increasing the nitrogen doze from N 75 to N 97.5 provides for an increase in the number of microorganisms by 4.4% and contributes to the improvement of agrophysical properties, increases the levels of plant nutrition with mineral nutrients and moisture.
У статті представлено результати дослідження впливу різних доз внесення мінеральних добрив із загортанням листостеблової маси сільськогосподарських культур сівозміни у ґрунт знаряддями із різною конструкцією робочих органів на гумусовий стан, поживний режим ґрунту й продуктивність сорго зернового. Дослідження проводили у стаціонарному досліді відділу зрошуваного землеробства ІЗЗ НААН України впродовж 2016-2018 рр. У сівозміні досліджували п'ять систем основного обробітку ґрунту із різними способами і глибиною розпушування на фоні трьох органо-мінеральних систем удобрення. Встановлено, що під час вирощуванні сорго зернового в умовах Південного Степу України в зернопросапній сівозміні на зрошенні доцільно застосовувати комбінований обробіток (диференційована-1 система обробітку), який поєднує мілке (12-14 см) дискове розпушування із щілюванням на 38-40 см та використовувати на добриво післяжнивні рештки попередника (пшениці озимої) на фоні внесення мінеральних добрив дозою N90P60, що створює сприятливий поживний режим і формує урожайність зерна, залежно від гідротермічних умов років досліджень, в межах 6,27-8,54 т/га, рівень рентабельності-210-218 %. Використання на добриво післяжнивних решток (листостеблових і кореневих) сорго зернового (10,27 т/га) у варіанті диференційованої-1 системи основного обробітку забезпечило середньорічний розрахунковий приріст гумусу +1,11 т/га та накопичення у шарі ґрунту 0-40 см N-49,2 кг/га, P2О5-24,6, K2О-59 кг/га.
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