Researches on the study of predecessors and biologization techniques in field crop rotations were carried out in 2018-2020 in the dry steppe zone of the chestnut subzone of light chestnut soils of the Nizhneje Povolzhje region. It is necessary to grow biennial melilot for green manure as a fallow-growing crop in a grain-steam five-field crop rotation in order to increase the organic matter input into the soil. A significant increase in yield was achieved in chickpeas for winter wheat, its straw was plowed into the soil. The highest increase in the spring barley yield was provided during the chickpeas and sorghum cultivation, which straw entered the soil. When growing spring barley on safflower, its straw was plowed into the soil, the yield was also higher than the control variant. The highest grain yield was achieved in the control grain-fallow four-field crop rotation with complete fallow, where the cultivated crops straw was removed from the field and grain-fallow-grass green manure seven-field crop rotation with seed fallow, where straw and melilot were plowed into the soil. Grain-fallow seven-field and grain-fallow-grass-cultivated green manure seven-field crop rotations, where oats and phacelia straw and green manure mass entered the soil, were inferior to the control.
The problems in the production of row crops are considered. The technical solution in the field of chemical protection of plants, aimed at obtaining high quality products while reducing the cost of production, is offered. The retrofitting of serial boom sprayers with special divider bodies makes it possible to retain the function of continuous spraying with the possibility of chemical treatment in strips at the desired phase of growth and development of cultivated plants. It also describes the possibility of solving environmental problems in the agricultural industry by reducing the chemical load on the soil.
Soil fertility in biologized crop rotations depends on the saturation of them with legumes and sideral crops, perennial grasses, the involvement of grain crops in the organic matter cycle. The crop rotation was studied: 1) four-field grain and steam: clean steam winter wheat chickpeas spring barley (control); 2) five-field grain and steam: occupied steam (clover green manure) winter wheat chickpeas spring barley mustard + clover; 3) seven-field grain and grass: occupied steam (green manure oats) winter wheat mustard chickpeas safflower dyeing spring barley sainfoin (hatcher field); 4) semi-field grass and grassland: occupied steam (phacelia green manure) winter wheat spring wheat chickpeas grain sorghum spring barley alfalfa (hatchery field). The highest balance of organic matter was ensured in a five-field grain-steam crop rotation with clover for green manure +1.92 t/ha, in this crop rotation the highest balance was observed for nitrogen +23.8 kg/ha and phosphorus +1.3 kg/ha, grain harvest from 1 ha of arable land 0.51 t/ha. The greatest balance of potassium was ensured in the seven-field grain and grass-crop rotation with facet on green manure +8.8 kg/ha. The highest humus balance was observed in a seven-field grain-grass-crop rotation with oats per green manure +0.12 t/ha.
1ФГБОУ ВО Волгоградский государственный аграрный университет пр. Университетский, 26, Волгоград, Россия, 400002 2 Российский университет дружбы народов ул. Миклухо-Маклая 6, Москва, Россия, 117198 В статье представлены опытные данные по комплексному влиянию способов основной обработки почвы и бактериальных удобрений «Азотовит» и «Фосфатовит» на агрофизические, водно-физические показатели почвы и продуктивность ячменя. Установлено, что применение плоскорезных обработок не приводит к уплотнению пахотного слоя выше биологического оптимума и нарушению аэрации почвы, в связи с чем возможно их применение без ущерба для возделывания ярового ячменя. Изучено влияние способов основной обработки почвы и внесения минеральных и бактериальных удобрений на водопотребление ячменя и эффективность использования влаги единицей продукции. Обобщены многолетние данные по урожайности ярового ячменя по изучаемым вариантам. Установлено преимущество двукратного внесения «Азотовит» и «Фосфатовит» на фоне плоскорезной обработки на глубину 0,20-0,22 м. Урожайность по этому варианту составила 1,7 т/га, что выше по сравнению с вариантом, где вносились только минеральные удобрения -0,63 т/га. Представлены расчет прибыли, рентабельность технологии возделывания ярового ячменя и опреде-лен экономически выгодный вариант опыта, включающий двукратное внесение бактериальных удобрений на фоне плоскорезной обработки почвы на глубину 0,20-0,22 м. Рентабельность составила 46,2%. На основании проведенных исследований теоретически обоснованы, эксперимен-тально подтверждены и сделаны выводы, а также даны рекомендации применения технологии в Волгоградской области.Ключевые слова: яровой ячмень, отвальная вспашка, плоскорезная обработка, азотовит, водопотребление ВведениеРоль засушливых районов страны, и в частности Нижнего Поволжья, в про-изводстве зерна исключительно велика. Между тем частые засухи, водная эрозия и дефляция почвы приводят к тому, что урожаи и валовые сборы зерна в подзоне светло-каштановых почв Нижнего Поволжья подвергаются огромным колебаниям, поэтому остро стоит вопрос борьбы с засухой с целью повышения урожаев, обес-печения их устойчивости и преодоления негативного влияния погодных условий.По результатам исследований последних лет в связи с изменением эконо-мических и экологических условий и возможностей сельскохозяйственного про-изводства обоснована необходимость уточнения, а в ряде случаев и пересмотра сложившихся агротехнологических приемов при выращивании ячменя, отвеча-ющих требованиям интенсивной технологии [8][9][10][11].
The article considers technologies of carrot cultivation of Shantene Korolevskaya hybrid under irrigation conditions on light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region. Against the background of various methods of tillage, modern methods of using water-soluble fertilizers have been studied. It was found that deep chisel plowing with 0.18-0.20 m soil overturning results in 1.25 fold increase in productivity of edible carrot compared to moldboard plowing and blade cultivation. Using water-soluble fertilizer NS 30:7 through fertigation increases productivity by 7% compared with ammonium nitrate. Measurements of soil density showed that carrot yield averaged 1.25-1.32 t/m 3 over 2015-2017. In variants after deep chisel plowing rate of water infiltration during all three research years was the highest and averaged 4.2 mm/min. The smallest water infiltration was observed in variants after blade cultivation. Using ammonia nitrate during fertigation in 1-4 applications and NS 30:7 fertilizer in 5-8 applications, and NS 30:7 fertilizer during all 8 applications increased carrot yield of hybrid Shantene Korolevskaya by 4.7-5.9 and 0.5-2.4 t/ha compared to control. In addition, combination of deep chisel plowing with ammonium nitrate fertigation in 1-4 applications and NS 30:7 fertilizer in 5-8 applications resulted in the highest carrot yield in 2015-2017 and averaged 90.6 t/ha. The lowest carrot yield over 2015-2017 was observed in the variant after blade cultivation with ammonium nitrate fertigation and amounted to 77.5 t/ha.
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