The extent of activated sludge separation problems associated with excessive growth of filamentous microorganisms has increased recently in the Czech Republic. Most of the activated sludge plants in the country were contacted by mail with a questionnaire, the aim of which was to obtain the basic technological data on the plants and on the nature and intensity of activated sludge separation problems. Selected activated sludge plants were visited at different periods of the year and samples of activated sludge mixed liquor and foam were collected for microscopic examination and kinetic batch tests. It was found that good settling properties were associated more with good quality activated sludge flocs than with the absence of filaments. On the other hand, a very high abundance of filaments always resulted in bulking or foaming. The most common filamentous microorganisms in activated sludge mixed liquors were M. parvicella, N. limicola and Types 0092, 0041 and 0803 while the foams were mostly dominated by M. parvicella, NALOs (GALOs) and N. limicola. Seasonal shifts in filamentous population diversity were also observed. M. parvicella, Type 0092, N. limicola, Type 0803 and Type 0041 were dominant in both conventional and biological nutrient removal activated sludge plants whereas the other Eikelboom's types of filaments dominated mostly in conventional activated sludge plants. The ability of foams to denitrify depended on the dominating filamentous microorganism and type of substrate.

Nitrification is the rate-limiting process in the design of activated sludge process. It is especially unstable during the winter season (when the temperature of activated sludge mixed liquor drops below 13 degrees C). It is therefore difficult to meet the ammonia effluent standards in winter. The common way to compensate for low nitrification rates at low temperatures is to increase sludge retention time (SRT). However, the increase of SRT is accompanied by negative factors such as elevated sludge concentration, higher sludge loading of secondary clarifiers, formation of unsettleable microflocs, etc. The low performance of nitrification at low temperatures can also be compensated for by enhancing the nitrification population in activated sludge. This paper describes such a method called bioaugmentation of nitrification in situ. This procedure takes place in a so-called regeneration tank, which is situated in the return activated sludge stream. The results of the operation of two wastewater treatment plants with regeneration zones are described in this paper, together with some economic evaluation of the bioaugmentation method.

The development and tasks of IAWQ specialist group on Activated Sludge Population Dynamics have been briefly described. The paper is aimed at three main topics of population dynamics, i.e., competition of nitrifying and organotrophic bacteria, population dynamics of enhanced biological phosphate removal, and activated sludge bulking and foaming. The population dynamics problems are illustrated on examples of Czech activated sludge plants. The examples were selected from a large national survey of activated sludge plants accomplished in 1995–1999. Nitrification proved to be the most difficult process to design and control in nutrient removal activated sludge systems. The survey of enhanced biological phosphate removal processes has shown that the arrangements used in the Czech Republic support well this process. The competition of PAOs with “G” bacteria in full-scale plants is less common than could be expected from previous laboratory studies. The phenomenon of anoxic phosphate uptake was also observed in full-scale plants. Traditional activated sludge separation problem of bulking was observed with much less frequency than expected. On the other hand, foaming caused by M. parvicella, N. limicola and by GALOs has become the most serious operation problem. The survey has also shown that physical rather than biological methods of foaming control are successfully applied in Czech activated sludge plants. The extent of foaming problems underlines the importance of a proper design and construction of final clarifiers.

The long-term project on the survey of filamentous microorganisms, which started in 1996, was finished in 2000 by the survey of eight Czech activated sludge plants with biological nutrient removal (BNR) systems. At all plants with enhanced biological nutrient removal, specific microbial population (mostly from the point of view of filaments occurrence), operational problems (presence of biological foaming, bulking) and plant operation were observed periodically and longer than 1 year. In our paper the relationship between the composition of activated sludge (especially filaments) consortia and modification of the process with nutrient removal is discussed. At the surveyed plants Type 0092 and Microthrix parvicella were identified as dominant Eikelboom filamentous types.

Successful elimination of high concentrations of N-NO x-(up to 250 mg/L) from high salinity wastewaters (up to 35 g/L Cl -? 17 g/L SO 4 2-) originating from desulphurization process within coal power stations was achieved using pure cultures of denitrifying bacteria encapsulated in porous polyvinyl alcohol lenses (so called Lentikats Biocatalyst, LB). Laboratory batch tests revealed inhibitory influence of the raw wastewater on the denitrification activity, which was partially mitigated by the addition of P-PO 4 3-. In following continuous tests, the denitrification activities reached the range 150-450 mg N/ h/kg LB, i.e., values suitable for industrial scale applications. The higher activities were achieved under a lower salinity, higher N-NO x -influent concentrations and a prolonged retention time. The effluent N-NO x -concentrations were below the determination limit of 5 mg/L. After a period of 3 months, a significant decrease of denitrification activity of Lentikats Biocatalyst was observed. Addition of nutrients into the wastewater enabled fast regeneration of the initial activity. The overall results proved the applicability of Lentikats Biocatalysts for the removal of nitrates from high-salinity desulphurization water and other industrial wastewaters of similar character.