Underwater instance segmentation greatly depends on color-blended underwater images. In this work, a combination of Generalized Color Fourier Descriptor (GCFD), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN) models were employed to generate a mask for each bounding-boxed Region of Interest (ROI) to obtain enhanced individual underwater segmented images from their complex background accurately. By this image enhancement approach, individual underwater instances are segmented from their complex background accurately. The Patch-based Contrast Quality Index (PCQI) evaluation of our proposed image enhancement method (GCFD) after conducting experiment on the employed datasets shows performance accuracy of 1.1336, which is higher than the 1.1126 performance accuracy achieved by the Contrast-enhancement Algorithm (CA).

You only look once (YOLO) is a state-of-the-art, real-time object detection system. YOLO version 7 (YOLOv7) model is a variant of YOLO. The objective of this paper is to apply YOLOv7 to livestock image detection and segmentation tasks in cattle grazing behavior, monitor and intrusions. Data obtained revealed that YOLOv7 performs better in terms of speed and accuracy with a mAP of 0.95 than the baseline techniques.