Yield monitoring of a five-component grass stand in a breeding field within a moraine hill was carried out in 2003- 2018 in order to find patterns of its dynamics in the agrolandscape. The grass was used in the conditions of the Tver region without fertilizers in a single-cut mode in a field crossing all microlandscape positions of the hill (transcct) and divided into 30 plots. Annual data on productivity of grass mixture on each plot are presented in the form of: 1) absolute yield (specific hay yield); 2) relative yield (expressed as a percentage to maximum yield on a transect in a definite year). It was revealed that the yield of grasses is maximum in the central parts (≈ 6.5 t/ha) and minimal in the upper parts of the hillsides and at the top (≈ 5.2 t/ha). Time variability of yield depends on the geological structure of the soils ‒ increases with the transition from powerful binomials (≈ 40 %) to low-powerful ones (≈ 65 %). Correlation analysis showed that the transition to relative units (% of the yield) can significantly reduce the impact of climate on data variability. The maximum coincidence of temporal dynamics of different yield indicators is noted at the upper elevations ‒ here climatic conditions do not have a significant impact on the yield, as on slopes. Changes in the sum of the active temperatures have the greatest influence on the yield. Average indicators of correlation coefficients of yield and temperature sums are negative on the plots of soil distribution on powerful and medium-powerful binomials and positive on soils of low-powerful binomials. There has been found an inversely proportional dependence of the absolute yield of grasses on the sums of active temperatures in the pre-cut periods and in September and directly proportional in the second half of summer. Increasing the sum of temperatures contributes to a decrease in relative yields on sandy soils and optimizes the production process on loams and light loams. Dispersion analysis has shown that the main influence of temperatures on absolute yield is exerted by soil hydromorphism. The degree of impact of temperatures on relative yield depends on the nature of water exchange in the agrolandscape, the exposure of slopes (energy) and granulometric composition of soils. The results will make it possible to adapt measures for the placement of grass stands, regulation of water and thermal regimes of soils to farm conditions.

The article presents the results of eight-year (2012-2019) field research on the formation of the production process of multicomponent legume and cereal grass stands while simulating pasture use. The comparison study was carried out with the use of basic grass mixtures: meadow clover (Trifolium pratense) VIK 7 + creeping clover (Trifolium repens) VIK 70 + timothy grass (Phleum pretense L.) VIK 9 + meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) Sakharovskaya. Studied were agrophytocenoses with the use of pasture ryegrass (Lolium perenne) VIK 66 and festulolium VIK 90. As legume components, alfalfa changeable (Medicago varia) Nakhodka, birds-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) Solnyshko and creeping clover VIK 70 were used. To increase the period of use, red fescue (Festuca rubra) Sigma, having the ability to regenerate itself was included into the composition of some mixtures. It has been established that alfalfa changeable, birds-foot trefoil and red fescue are the most adaptive to the conditions of drained lands. The analysis of the results of the study of the botanical composition of grass stands showed that over 8 years of growth, cereal grasses decreased their participation in the composition of herbage from 32.0-47.8 % to 1.8-22.3 % (excluding grass stands with red fescue). Four-component grass stands based on pasture ryegrass and festulolium with the use of timothy grass proved to be the most resistant to preserving sown grass species (46.3-63.7 %) and to weed infestation. Introducing additional legume species (alfalfa changeable and birds-foot trefoil) into the herbal mixture increased the period of use and significantly raised the yield of green mass of grass stands. The highest yield of green mass was obtained by herbage with alfalfa changeable and birds-foot trefoil - 23.7-26.4 t / ha, which in the seventh year of use exceeded the base grass mixture by 3.2-6.5 t / ha or 13.5-24.6 %. The results of fodder evaluation of legume-cereal ryegrass and festulolium grass stands, which denote the high-quality green fodder in conditions of drained soils of the Upper Volga Region, are presented.

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The research was carried out in 1991-1994 and in 2012-2019 in the conditions of the Tver region. The effectiveness of two variants of ridge band-broadcast method of sowing grain crops was studied. The soils of the experimental plot were soddy-podzolic, well cultivated, light loamy and loamy sand gleyic drained by closed drainage. It has been established, that in the conditions of the northwestern part of the Non-chernozem zone on drained lands, grain crops (winter rye, winter triticale, barley, oats, spelt) should be grown on ridges 40-80 mm high using an improved ridge band-broadcast method of sowing that ensures smoothing of the soil surface, creation of a compacted bed and good contact of seeds with the soil by pressing them. By ridge band-broadcast method of grain crop sowing, an average 10.3 % increase in field germination of seeds was noted for all crops, plant survival – by 5.8 %, viability of winter rye plants during wintering – by 12.5-19.0 %, enhancing photosynthetic activity of plants, improving the structure and increasing the yield – by 0.21-1.19 t / ha. The yield increase was obtained both due to an increase in the number of productive stems by 17.8 % (on average in crops), and due to a higher grain mass in the ear (panicle) – by 10.0 %. The most significant increase in the number of productive stems during ridge sowing was observed in spelt and winter triticale (by 26.0-83.1 %), in the number of grains – in oats and winter rye (by 4.7-17.9 %), in the weight of 1000 grains – in barley, in grain mass in an ear (panicle) – in oats (17.0-24.0 %) and winter rye (8.0-10.1 %). The advantage of the ridge band-broadcast method of sowing is due to optimizing the area of plant nutrition and improving the agrophysical conditions in the seed layer of the soil.