We describe an unusual burial at a stratifi ed Chalcolithic site Shaitanskoye 4-6 on the coast of the eponymous lake in the Sverdlovsk Region. An individual, aged 18–35 was buried in an oval fl at-grave pit, 1.6 × 0.56 × 0.2 m in size. We give a detailed description of sixty funerary items, made of stone: three unusually large knives manufactured on thin chert plates (the nearest outcrops are found in Northern Kazakhstan and Southern Urals); a projectile head, 19 arrowheads, 18 fl int bladelets from a side-bladed tool, a polished axe-adze, a composite tool on a blade, two plates with use-wear traces, and 15 beads. Notably, some of the artifacts are made of “southern” rocks. The results of the isotope analysis indicate considerable mobility and close ties between populations of the forest and steppe Trans- Urals in the 4th and 3d millennia BC. The Chalcolithic site, which, apart from the burial, includes habitation deposits with numerous artifacts such as ceramics of various types, lithics including a large series of arrowheads and several fl int fi gurines, can be viewed as a complex archaeological object where, among other activities, rites were performed securing group consolidation.
В статье представлены результаты изучения неординарного погребения эпохи энеолита на территории многослойного поселения Шайтанское 4-6, расположенного на берегу одноименного озера в Свердловской обл. В грунтовой могиле овальной формы размерами 1,6 х 0,56 х 0,2 м был похоронен индивидуум в возрасте 18-35 лет. Приводится детальное описание погребального инвентаря, включающего 60 предметов из камня: 3 необычно крупных ножа, сделанных из тонких плиток характерного кремнистого сланца, ближайшие выходы которого встречаются в Северном Казахстане и на Южном Урале; наконечник дротика, 19 наконечников стрел, 18 кремневых пластинок от вкладышевого орудия, шлифованный топор-тесло, комбинированное орудие на пластине, 2 плитки со следами использования и 15 бусин. Оригинальный состав находок — среди них имеются артефакты из сырья «южного» происхождения, а также данные изотопного анализа позволяют рассматривать исследованный объект как свидетельство высокой мобильности, тесных связей и интеграций населения лесного и степного Зауралья в IV-III тыс. до н.э. Энеолитический памятник, который представляют кроме погребения многочисленные артефакты, обнаруженные в слое — керамика разных культурных типов, каменные изделия, в т.ч. крупная серия наконечников стрел и несколько кремневых фигурок, можно трактовать как сложный объект археологического наследия, на территории которого производились, в частности, разнообразные обрядовые действия, ориентированные на поддержание внутренней консолидации коллективов.
The focus is on the complexes with foundry equipment which were found in the necropolis of the steppe Trans-Urals, forest-steppe and taiga zones of Western Siberia. The author addresses the sites of the early phase of the Eurasian/West-Asian Metallurgical province as a part of global periodization of the Early Metal Era. The structure of the equipment and the feature of the graves structure point to various forms of emphasis of the professional foundry workers from the population of the two neighboring regions, who used different technological traditions. The masters of the Sintashta culture, who specialized in smelting of solid-cast tools based on arsenic alloys, had their own iconic attribute, which were clay tayeres and could often be ornamented. Siberian foundry workers, whose burials always contained foundry molds, performed their operation in the traditions of the Seima-Turbino technologies of thin-walled casting based on tin alloys. Similar complexes amounted maximum 1—2 % of the burials area, they were often accompanied by abundant grave goods including the attributes of a chariot complex in the Urals and prestigious metal weapons in Siberia. Among the Siberian burials there is a big proportion of the so-called arbitrary burials, where foundry signs are represented by separate fragments of clay molds. The emergence and the decay of the practice of professional identity demonstration is considered from the perspective of universal ideological adaptations in the phase of the introduction of metal and the emergence of transformative technologies at the Bronze Age.
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