Mitochondria are organelles that are most sensitive to the action of stressors on any cell of the entire organism and exposure to chemicals which can cause its dysfunction and cell death in general. Especially sensitive to adverse conditions are liver mitochondria, where the processes of biotransformation of endogenous and exogenous metabolites are formed, not only in the liver, but also in other organs and tissues. Mitochondrial dysfunction can cause instant hepatic cytolysis and steatosis. Therefore, early detection of mitochondrial toxicity is important during preclinical studies of new pharmacological agents, as this will help avoid remote negative effects. The biologically active feed additive Humilid, a complex of humic acids known for their antidiarrheal, analgesic, immune-stimulating, and antimicrobial properties; shows a corrective effect on the activity of the lysosomal cathepsin; enhances the positive effect of hematopoiesis on hemoglobin and its quality indicators consisting of red blood cells; and activates the synthesis and accumulation of fibronectin expression that takes part in the formation of immunological protection of animals. The objective of our experiment was to determine the effect of complex biologically active feed additives based on humic substances on the biochemical indicators of the liver mitochondrial antioxidant system of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards, 1867). The experiment was conducted on mature (6 months) Mongolian gerbils. The data obtained showing the influence of the biologically active feed additives Humilid, alone or in combination with ascorbate and Eco-impulse Animal, on the antioxidant defense system of liver mitochondria of gerbils are presented in this article. The proven antioxidant effect of humic substances in the mitochondrial fraction of the liver which inhibits the accumulation of oxidized products in the cells is shown, confirmed by the decrease in the number of TBA-active products, catalase activation, and an increase in the concentration of cytochrome C. Also, an increase in the amount of cytochrome C, which is a direct participant in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and provides efficient electron transport, indicates the acceleration of energy supply processes. The functional activity of mitochondria was accompanied by increased activity of aspartate aminotransferase involved in the shuttle of malateaspartate transport of electrons through the mitochondrial membrane. The results obtained indicate the positive reaction of gerbil liver mitochondria under the influence of the biologically active feed additives of humic substance.Keywords: Humilid; ascorbic acid; Eco-impulse Animal; aspartate aminotransferase; catalase; superoxide dismutase; TBA-active products; cytochrome C Вплив біологічно активних кормових добавок гумінової природи на систему антиоксидантного захисту мітохондрій печінки монгольської піщанки О. О. Дьомшина*, Г. О. Ушакова*, Л. М. Степченко** *Дніпровський національний університет імені Олеся Гончара, Дніпро, Украї...

One important reason for non-use of medicinal drugs is their hepatotoxicity. The search for new natural biologically active substances with hepatoprotective properties and which are cost-effective is an important task today. This article presents the data on the impact of the fodder-dietary supplement Humilid alone and in combination with ascorbic acid, and Eco-Impulse on the liver of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards, 1867). Hepatomodulation of properties of humic substances in the Humilid confirmed that stimulation of the activity of the enzyme transaminase increases the total amount of protein, especially in combination with ascorbic acid. There was inhibition of accumulation of oxidized products in the cell due to activation of catalase and superoxidedismutase. Intensification of catalase is regarded as one of the important mechanisms of adaptation of the cell under the influence of xenobiotics. Addition of ascorbic acid to the solution Humilid increased the antioxidant action of its active ingredients both through its own antioxidant properties and protection of humic acids from oxidation. Formation of response in liver cells of gerbils receiving active ingredients of the drug Eco-Impulse was accompanied by an increase in the number of TBA-active products and cytochrome C, which indicates the development of oxidative stress, which is accompanied by increased permeability of mitochondrial membranes. The results indicate the hepatoprotective properties of the active ingredients of the drug Humilid, alone and in combination with ascorbic acid, and the need for correcting the concentration of the drug Eco-Impulse for use in clinical practice.

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This article presents the results of the combined effect of water-immobilization and emotional stress on haematological and morphological parameters of blood and liver status of rats in conditions of correction of the disorders using by α-ketoglutarate. Experimental combined stress was induced by the interchangeable effect of dry immobilization and immersion in water for 3 days under constant illumination using an artificial lighting lamp of 1,000 lux., thus achieving a combined effect of stress. Physiological adaptation and administration of 5 mg/kg of body weight of α-ketoglutarate lasted 14 days after stress induction. Haematological parameters were determined using the Automated Veterinary Hematology Analyzer PCE 90 Vet (High Technology Inc., USA), while biochemical parameters of the liver state were determined by spectrophotometric and colourimetric methods. The obtained results showed an increase in hemolysis, which was determined by a decrease in the number of erythrocytes and haemoglobin concentration in the blood of rats under the effect of the stress factors studied. A negative consequence of strengthening of hemolysis is the development of hypoxia in the liver, which causes the slowing of metabolic processes in its cells. As a result, there is an accumulation of partially oxidized products: lactate and pyruvate, increased formation of TBA-active products, and oxidative modification of proteins. During the 14 days of physiological adaptation after stress, the main indicators of blood and liver status of the rats were partially restored. A stronger recovery of redox status and improvement of the physiological state of the liver and, hence, haematological parameters, were noted for rats that received α-ketoglutarate for 14 days after stress. The revealed general positive trend indicates the stimulation of adaptation processes and the overall functioning of the antioxidant system of the liver of rats in the use of α-ketoglutarate against the background of the combined effects of water-immobilization and emotional stress.

According to the mitochondrial theory of aging, changes in the functional state of mitochondria, which lead to excessive formation of active forms of oxygen, are the main factor in the development of age changes in organs and tissues of the whole organism. The assessment of the mitochondria state of the heart of senescent gerbils (Mongolian Gerbilia, Meriones unguiculates Milne-Edwards, 1867). It is proved that the aging of the heart is preceded by the appearance of dysfunction in mitochondria. The disturbance of metabolic processes in the myocardium of gerbils over the age of two years was established, which was accompanied by activation of oxidative stress by increasing the concentration of TBK-active compounds. An increase in the concentration of cytochrome C in cytosol has been shown due to the destructive effects of oxidized products on the outer membrane of mitochondria and enhancement of its permeability. The violation of bioenergetic processes, increase of the anaerobic respiration and the accumulation of lactate and unoxidative metabolites, which increases oxidative stress and cell damage, are determined. We established that for gerbils the critical age for senescence is 24 months. Major metabolic changes in the heart occur mostly at this age. This is marked by activation of prooxidants formation, proteolytic processes (decrease in total protein concentration) and inhibition of aminotransferase activity in cytosol. The switching of metabolic processes in the mitochondria of the heart with the participation of aminotransferases has been registered: increased activity of the mitochondrial isoenzyme alanine aminotransferase and reciprocal reduction of aspartate aminotransferase. After two years of age in the experimental gerbils the intensification of adaptive processes was established: activation of catalase, γ-glutamyltransferase, relative restoration of the activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, thus maintaining the processes of the vital activity of the whole organism, but at a new metabolic level. With age, irreversible damage to cardiomyocytes occurs, which gradually lose the ability to convert lactate, resulting in its increase, and the processes of its utilization are inhibited. The results confirm the key role of mitochondria in the process of aging of the myocardium. However, when gerbils reach the 36 months of age the metabolic disturbances in the myocardium reach their peak, resulting in large-scale cell damage. Роль мітохондрій міокарда піщанок упродовж фізіологічного старінняЄ. О. Потапенко, О. О. Дьомшина, Г. О. Ушакова Дніпровський національний університет імені Олеся Гончара, Дніпро, УкраїнаНаведено дані щодо оцінки мітохондрій та біохімічного стану серця монгольських піщанок (Mongolian Gerbilia, Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards, 1867) в умовах старіння. Основний фактор розвитку вікових змін в органах і тканинах цілісного організмунадмірне утворення активних форм оксигену, що провокує зміни функціонального стану мітохондрій, зниження ефективності процесу аутофагії / мітофаг...