Physical properties of three varieties of mango were studied at 13.75% and 8.74% moisture content levels. Some selected properties such as geometric mean, arithmetic mean, angle of repose, sphericity and crushing force were determined. The average tri-axial dimensions of the seeds gave 38.00 ± 6.8, 42.23 ± 4.12, 33.95 ± 6.91 as average major diameter; 35.60 ± 5.68, 39.18 ± 3.95, 31.44 ± 7.56 as average intermediate diameter and 24.76 ± 5.2, 28.42 ± 5.59, 23.08 ± 3.67 as average minor diameter for Kerosene, Sheri and Sugar mango respectively. The average sphericity of the three varieties of mango seed was 0.74, 0.77 and 0.67 while that of the angle of repose was 40.430, 08.030 and 09.760 for Kerosene, Sheri and Sugar mango respectively. The average crushing force determined using the universal testing machine gave 21.00 N, 10.58 N and 9.46 N for Kerosene, Sheri and Sugar mango respectively. Statistical analysis shows that there is a significant difference in the geometric mean between Kerosene mango and Sheri mango and no significant difference between Sheri mango and Sugar mango, while the average value of the calculated arithmetic mean was found to be statistically different within the three varieties but no significant difference in sphericity. Kerosene mango has the highest value for the angle of repose and crushing force.

A fabricated modified single screw fish feed extruder was used to extrude formulated floatable fish feeds from obtainable available feed ingredients. They were fed to 225 Clarias garienpinus (mean weight of 56  4.22 g) for 120 days in order to compare their nutritional values with that of a commercial feed. The fishes were first acclimatized for a period of 48 hours under laboratory condition. The weight of the fishes were taken every two weeks and recorded in comparison with the commercial feed (Durante) which served as the control. At the end of the feeding trials, the fishes were weighed, sacrificed and analysed for whole body composition, haematological status and proximate analysis. At the end of the feeding trial, Treatment 1 had the highest mean values of growth and nutrient utilization indices on Clarias garienpinus at standard deviations of 260.77 g (45.59%), 2.01%, 1.92 and 52.10% for the percentage of weight gained, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and feed conversion efficiency of the experimented fishes respectively when compared with the commercial feeds (Control) that had mean values of 416 g (71.36%), 2.18%, 1.20 and 83.33%. Treatment 4 had the lowest weight gained with mean values of 99.67 g (17.77%) 1.67%, 5.02 and 20.00% respectively. The white blood cell of the fishes in Treatment 1 had a high value of 6600 when compared to that of the Control which had a value of 7500. Treatment 1 (T1R1) experimented on Clarias garienpinus, gave the highest values of growth performance and nutrient utilization compared with other treatments in terms of its whole body composition, proximate analysis and haematolgical status. This implies that treatment 1 experimented on Clarias garienpinus, was the best and can be used for feeding fishes since their values are closer to that of the control. There was significant differences in the final weight of fish fed with treatment 1, 3 and 4 (p > 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in treatments 1 and 2.

This research work presents useful information about different floatable fish feeds obtained from different companies, which serves as database for people work intensively in fish farming and help them in solving many problems associated with the feeding effectiveness and feed handling. The main objective of this project is to study some physical and mechanical properties of fish feed pellets of different sizes. These properties included; Density, Moisture content, Surface area, Floatability, Sizes, Sinking velocity, Expansion ratio, Repose angle. The actual sizes of the extruded fish feed used ranged from 3 mm to 9 mm, However, Company 1 did not have 9 mm for producing that size of the pellet. The floatability ranged from 79.51 to 98.00%, the density ranged from 0.03 to 0.08 g/cm3, the moisture content ranged from 8.94 to 29.26%, the expansion ratio ranged from 1.02 to 1.54%, the sinking velocity ranged from 0.008 to 0.1 m/s2, the repose angle ranged from 27 to 38° while the colour of the feed ranged from light to dark brown according to Tables 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The results obtained from the experiment were subjected to ANOVA test using SPSS (Special Packages for Social Science) package. The physical and Mechanical properties of the floatable fish feed obtained from these three companies were significantly different from one another.

This research involved the design and modification of an existing fish feed extruder which was subjected to evaluation in order to produce floatable fish feeds. It was observed that the temperature of the extruded feed was on the average of 70°C with moisture content of 25% wet basis. The modifications incorporated into the existing extruder included the water pump, sprockets and chain, circuit box containing essential electrical components and temperature sensors.  The volume of hopper, weight of hopper, diameter of the screw auger, power required to drive the screw auger, volume of the extruding barrel, forces and weight acting on the chain, speed for driving the larger and smaller sprocket, length of the sprocket chain, weight of screw for each revolution, total load acting on the screw, torsional moment of the screw and diameter of shaft were designed. Another modification was the incorporation of a system that could raise the barrel`s internal temperature for five different temperatures between 90°C and 130°C. The functional efficiencies of the existing and modified extruder were 56.52 and 91.30% and their throughput capacities were 0.53 and 1.24 kg/hr respectively.

The escalating prices of petroleum fuels, the uncertainties in their supply and the wreckage of global climate caused by their continual use have rekindled research interests in the use of plant oil for fuels and other biofuels. Sponge gourd seeds were investigated for its biodiesel properties with the aim of determining the desirability of incorporating the oil into bio-fuel. The seeds were sourced for, processed and extracted while the bio-fuel oil obtained were analyzed. 31.0 Percentage (%) of oil yield was obtained from Luffa cylindrica seeds according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Standards which were used to determine other Biofuel properties of luffa cylindrica seed.  The laboratory analysis revealed that the oil obtained has higher viscosity at 40°C (15.55 mm2/s) which can perfectly meet up with an established standard of biodiesel on reduction after transesterification. The analysis obtained had a flash point of (150°C), Cetane number of (71.90), Refractive index of (1.645 nm), Acid value of (34.10 mg KOH/g) and Iodine value of (86.20 mgI2/g) obtained compared with most standard biodiesel which is in agreement with the specified ASTM biodiesel standard.