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In recent years, solar seawater desalination has been considered to be a promising and cost-effective technique to produce clean sources for water treatment and water deficiency.

Cs salts of tungstophosphoric acid supported mZS with varying amounts of Cs ions content have been prepared by a two-step impregnation technique, and found to be effective for the removal of hazardous dyes such as MB from an aqueous solution.

From an environmental and economic point of view, we focused on the preparation of simple catalysts with many advantages such as simple isolation, easy preparation, high stability, and well catalytic activity. Here, we prepared MCM-41 coated NiFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles and modified their surface with phosphotungestic acid (PWA) and then sulfate. We tested the catalysts' efficiency and reuse towards the formation of xanthene and coumarin derivatives. They can be easily recovered by a simple magnet from the reaction mixture and reused up to several runs without a high decrease in the catalytic activity. The samples have been characterized by SEM, TEM, FT-IR, XRD, VSM, and XPS. XPS indicated the presence of the inverse-cubic spinel phase of NiFe2O4 and the contribution of Fe(III) − O and Ni(II) − O bonds in tetrahedral (Th) and octahedral (Oh) sites. The results indicated the good dispersion of sulfate and PWA nanoparticles on the surface and inside NF-MCM-41 which play an important role in increasing the acidity and activity of the catalyst towards the synthesis of xanthene and coumarin derivatives. The catalyst 20S-W/NF-MCM-41-II reveals the highest acidity (Ei=586.3 mV) and yields 93.92% 14-aryl-14H-dibenzo[a, j]xanthene and 78.32% 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin.

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