Objective: To evaluate trends in the use of antipsychotic drugs in Lithuania between 2003 and 2005 years. Methods: The data on total sales of antipsychotic drugs in Lithuania over three years (2003-2005) were obtained from IMS Health Inc. Drugs were classified according to the Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical system, use was quantified in terms of defined daily doses. Data were calculated by DDD methodology, expressed in DDDs per 1.000 inhabitants/day. The pharmacoeconomic analysis was performed by cost minimization and reference price methodology. Results: The total antipsychotics consumption increased by 16% over three years period reaching the value of 5,5 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day. Use of conventional antipsychotics has increased by 3%, atypical antipsychotics by 34%. The expenditures of antipsychotics has reached 39 mln Litas (in 2005), of which 48% was costs for atypical antipsychotic agents. Setting the reference price of risperidone (according to the meta-analysis results of effectiveness) for atypical antipsychotics it would be possible to rationalize schizophrenia treatment using 10,68 mln Litas extra money (1V ¼ 3,4528 Lt). Conclusions: The use of total antipsychotic drugs continues to increase because of the increased use of atypical antipsychotics and some conventional antipsychotics. According to the meta-analysis results risperidone is the most effective drug for schizophrenia treatment. Considering the similar efficacy of other atypical antipsychotics and the increased high expenditures of atypical antipsychotics it is extremely important to consider the cost-effectiveness of antipsychotics. Performed cost-minimization analysis using the reference-based pricing estimated the possible reduction of total antipsychotics expenditures by 28%, the possible schizophrenia treatment rationalization.

Paternal impositions, taking implicit social aims, are stimuli that wait, of child, a response; initially they do not work in an automatic way (due to gravitational Natural Inertia of organism tending to be interrelated with the Universe), but as punishment and recompense are imposing on him, time between stimulus-response will be diminishing until reaching the automatization. Reinforced and rewarded such a process, the individual, will be suitable to generate unthinking answers before any stimulus foreign to his essence. Given these conditions any impulse, image or idea arisen in mind unconsciously it turns into stimulus, to which, man, will not be able to escape, undo or obviate having to exercise necessarily an immediate response, according to needs of social rules, avoiding this way non-adaptation or interior conflict: Conditional Inertia. Conclusions: The dynamic mind-body, in 'Mental Illness', is a reply of the interrelationship father-child but stylized, in which, to less time between stimulus-response the worst it will be the forecast.

IntroductionIt is well known the high rate of alcohol abuse and dependence in Spain. Specifically, in Castilla and Léon as a wine region, the risk of developing alcoholism is 1 of 10 men and 1 of 15 women [1].ObjectiveThe aim of the study is to assess the efficacy of nalmefene in reducing alcohol consumption and its complications, in a sample of patients with alcoholism.Materials and methodsIt is an open, naturalistic, observational and descriptive study in a sample of 18 patients with alcohol dependence diagnosis.We collected standard demographic variables, but also living alone, social support and work.In addition, clinical variables as SD (standard drinks) per day, time of illness, concomitant diseases, number of admissions, periods of abstinence, abstinence longer duration, nalmefene doses and other treatments were collected. These variables were reassessed at first, 3th and 6th month.ResultsIn our sample the average profile is a man (75%) with an age of 46, who lives alone (68%), in urban area and with poor social support.Average SD consumed at the beginning was 53, one month later was 26, after three months was 14 and 6 months later was 5, with a total abstinence rate of 65% at the end of the period. Logically there was also a dramatic reduction in somatic and social complications.ConclusionsNalmefene is demonstrated as a useful drug in reducing alcohol consumption and its complications.Nalmefene also proves to be effective for achieving complete alcohol abstinence starting with a reduction plan.Reference not available.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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