КОМБІНОВАНА СХЕМА СТАТИЧНОЇ АДСОРБЦІЇ Запропоновано комбіновану схему статичної адсорбції, що включає як дробове введення адсорбенту, так і організацію протиточного руху води та адсорбенту. Це дозволяє знизити навантаження на фільтрувальні пристрої та підвищити якість очистки. Отримано залежності для розрахунку якості очистки для трьохступеневої комбінованої схеми адсорбції. Оцінено вплив дози адсорбенту на роботу фільтрувальних пристроїв при його видаленні. Ключові слова: статична адсорбція, доза адсорбенту, фільтрувальні споруди, комбінована схема.

Consistent filtration of water through rapid filters with different filter loadings is a promising way to reduce operating costs at water treatment plants. Operating costs are related with the need to regenerate the granular loading, i.e. restore its retention capacity. Regeneration is carried out by washing with clean water, which removes retained sediment from the loading pores. Washing takes place with a fairly high intensity, which is the reason for significant volumes of washing water. The amount of washing water can be reduced increasing the period between washings. The frequency of washing is also influenced by the turbidity of the initial water. When increase of rapid filters efficiency is reasoning, it is necessary to take into account oscillations in initial turbidity. Purpose is reasoning of the practicability of using a consistent scheme and research of its effectiveness under conditions of change in the content of suspended solid in the initial water. Theoretical studies were carried out on the basis of the known dependencies of the theory of filtering by D.M. Mintz. These dependencies establish a relationship between the time of the protective action and the time when the head loss reaches the limit values with the filtering parameters: filtration rate, equivalent diameter of the granular loading, thickness of the loading layer, quality of the water entering the treatment. The algorithm and principle of comparison of consistent and traditional schemes are described. Graphical dependences of the influence on the efficiency of consistent filtration of pretreatment degree and turbidity of the initial water were obtained. As an efficiency criterion, the ratio for the compared schemes of the longest periods of filter operation between washings is taken. The effectiveness of increasing filtration rate when the initial water quality is worsening is shown. The conducted studies showed the advantages of consistent using of rapid filters: an increase in the period between washings, more stable operation when the turbidity of the initial water changes. Keywords: consistent filtration, protective action, head losses, filtering granular loading, turbidity.

According to the strategy of environmental development of Ukraine until 2030, in order to increase the Environmental Performance Index (EPI), it is planned to reduce the energy intensity of GDP. One of the most polluting industries is the thermal power industry, and therefore reducing the emission of harmful gases, in particular nitrogen dioxide, is an important environmental problem. The share of electricity production by thermal power plants and thermal power plants in the electric power complex is significant, which leads to environmental risks due to large emissions and discharges of harmful substances by these enterprises into the environment. The magnitude of such emissions depends on the efficiency of the circulating cooling systems, which affects the rational use of fuel and water resources and, accordingly, the state of the environment. Increasing the temperature of the exhaust steam by reducing heat transfer through the contaminated heat exchange surface increases the pressure in the condenser of steam turbines and reduces the power of the turbine, which increases fuel consumption and increases the amount of emissions of harmful substances. One of these emissions is nitrogen dioxide, which is a harmful toxic compound and is classified as a greenhouse gas. The Purpose of the work is to calculate oxide carbon emissions depending on the thickness of the deposited layer on the heat exchange surface of the condensers of steam turbines of TPP. The concept of a particle of harmful emissions associated with the emergence and growth of a layer of pollution of the heat exchange surface of the condensers of steam turbines of TPP, expressed in fractions of a unit, is introduced, and an analytical expression is obtained for this value. Based on the theories of fuel combustion, heat transfer, as well as the concept of a part of harmful emissions associated with the emergence and growth of a pollution layer, the dependence of the amount of harmful emissions associated with fuel combustion at TPPs on the thickness of the pollution layer of the heat exchange surface of steam turbine condensers is obtained. Keywords: environmental pollution, thermal power plants, carbon monoxide, heat exchange surfaces.

The quality of higher education in Ukraine today reaches a new level and this is facilitated by a number of factors: the European vector of development of the country as a whole, the adoption of new, harmonized with European standards, legislation, the emergence of a new paradigm for assessing the quality of educational programs. criteria, which makes it possible to move away from a formalized approach to the educational process as a whole and make it exclusively student-centered and, importantly, customer-oriented, like any service. Student-centeredness is important, first of all, for identifying needs, which will then become learning objectives, and later on the learning outcomes of higher education students. That is why, in order to improve the quality of educational programs, the most important role should be given to properly formulated learning outcomes, the process of their acquisition and assessment methods. After all, all this, in the end, gives the final integrated result – a quality specialist, competitive in the labor market and capable of retraining. The essence of learning outcomes and their difference from a number of other concepts, types and the author's vision of the structure are presented in this study. A methodical approach to their formulation is presented, which is based on the hierarchy of the cognitive process and constructive coordination of the triad of components: learning outcomes, learning activities and assessment methods. In addition, a clear understanding of learning outcomes helps teachers to improve curricula and make all assessment materials and tools most relevant to achieving certain learning outcomes, and helps students to optimally plan their learning and assess their own learning progress. It is proved that the learning outcomes of higher education students are a crucial criterion for assessing the quality of the educational program, and stressed the need for a gradual departure from state standards of specialties, within the academic independence of higher education institutions to ensure more free formulation of learning outcomes as a factor in increasing the quality of educational services.