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Solutions of polyaniline in m cresol with and without camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), as well as films cast from these solutions were studied by ESR spectroscopy at 133-423 K and by optical spectroscopy in the range λ = 350-1100 nm. An analysis of the optical and ESR spectra shows that in the solutions and films without CSA polyaniline is fully doped but the conductiv ity of these films is low (~10 -8 S cm -1 ; cf. 100 S cm -1 for the films with CSA). Compared with the CSA containing samples, the samples without CSA are characterized by broader ESR lines and higher contribution of the Curie spins to the magnetic susceptibility. These facts indicate a weak aggregation of polyaniline chains without CSA, which leads to low conductivity. A formula was proposed, which describes the temperature dependence of the polyaniline ESR linewidth and allows the interchain distance and the mobility of electrons moving along polymer chains to be determined. The conductivity of polyaniline films is affected by moderate heating (363-388 K) of the films and solutions from which the films were cast. It was found that the interchain distances correlate with the conductivity of the films and with the broadening of their ESR lines caused by the effect of O 2 .Polyaniline films cast from polyaniline solutions in m cresol containing camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) addi tives have been a subject of intensive research because they exhibit recordly high conductivities (see, e.g., Refs 1-7 and references cited therein). It is accepted that CSA favors transformation of polyaniline into a protonated conducting form and that m cresol changes the confor mation of the polyaniline molecules from a coil to ex tended chain. Extended chains are characterized by closer packing and the film conductivity increases due to fast inter chain electron transfer.Protonation of the basic form of polyaniline leads to the appearance of paramagnetic polarons.Because of spatial periodicity of the "polaron" lattice the electron energy spectrum has a band structure. The upper band is partially filled, which is responsible for the high electronic conductivity and temperature indepen dent Pauli susceptibility. The conformation of polyaniline molecules can be affected by counterions X -and solvent molecules. Theoretical analysis 8 showed that high solu bility and extended conformation of the polyaniline molecules in solution in the m cresol-CSA system is due to the formation of a specific complex polyani line-m cresol-CSA owing to combination of the stack ing of phenyl groups, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interaction.Conducting polymers including polyaniline are called quasi 1D metals, because their properties strongly de pend on the interchain interaction. It was theoretically shown that the existence of true 1D metals is impossible, because any violation of periodicity leads to localization Base Salt m Cresol CSA

The diversity of the central metabolism of modern organisms is caused by the existence of a few metabolic modules, combination of which produces multiple metabolic pathways. This paper analyzes biomimetically reconstructed coupled autocatalytic cycles as the basis of ancestral metabolic systems. The mechanism for natural selection and evolution in autocatalytic chemical systems may be affected by natural homeostatic parameters such as ambient chemical potentials, temperature, and pressure. Competition between separate parts of an autocatalytic network with positive-plus-negative feedback resulted in the formation of primordial autotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic metabolic systems. This work examined the last common ancestor of a set of coupled metabolic cycles in a population of protocells. Physical-chemical properties of these cycles determined the main principles of natural selection for the ancestral Bacteria and Archaea taxa.

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