Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis that mainly affects the cheeks, nose, chin and forehead. Rosacea usually begins between the ages of 30 and 50, but can occur at any age. Population prevalence rates range from < 1 to 22%, but these percentages are likely influenced by differences in study design, methodology, population, geographic location, and cultural and social differences. Rosacea is characterized by recurrent episodes of flushing or transient erythema, persistent erythema, phymatous changes, papules, pustules, and telangiectasia, and the eyes may be involved. Due to the fact that rosacea affects the face, patients with this pathology often have low self-esteem and are prone to anxiety and depression, because this disease has a cosmetic defect. In addition to general skin care, there are several approved treatment options available to address these issues, both topical and systemic. For some functions, intense pulsed light, laser, and surgery are valuable. Recent advances in basic science have highlighted the role of the innate and adaptive immune system, as well as neurovascular dysregulation, underlying the spectrum of clinical manifestations of rosacea. Endogenous and exogenous stimuli can initiate and exacerbate multiple pathways in patients with rosacea. With the updated diagnosis and classification of rosacea, treatment options for patients with rosacea have attracted the attention of dermatologists. Here, we summarize the latest advances in the treatment of rosacea, including skin care and cosmetic procedures, topical therapy, oral therapy, laser and light therapy, injection therapy, and combination therapy.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when taken in the right amount, help maintain a healthy state of the body. Natural microorganisms usually make up first-generation probiotics, while genetically engineered strains are secondary probiotics. The importance of microorganisms to human health dates back to the era when Louis Pasteur first discovered the importance of fermentation and drew attention to the fact that consuming fermented foods could be beneficial for health and longevity. Oral and topical probiotics are used to treat skin conditions. Microorganisms live inside our body, both in the intestines and on the skin. Commensal bacteria play a vital role in human health; they also help maintain a healthy immune system. The skin microbiome consists of several types of microorganisms. Any imbalance of these microorganisms leads to skin diseases. Probiotics are well known for their clinical use in certain skin diseases, and probiotic bacterial therapy may have great potential in the prevention and treatment of several skin diseases [3]. Studies have established a link between a disrupted gut microbiome and inflammatory skin diseases, thereby increasing the potential of oral probiotics as a treatment option for skin disorders [4]. However, there is very little information and clinical studies that have examined the effectiveness of topical probiotic products. The use of probiotic bacteria can help strengthen the skin natural barrier by having a direct effect at the site of application. This may be due to resident bacteria and probiotic bacteria that produce certain antimicrobial aminopeptides that promote the skin's immune response and help eliminate pathogens. Some cosmetic preparations can contribute to the maintenance of a normal skin microbiome, being selective in their activity [5]. Topical probiotics have been known to be used to support a healthy skin microbiome since the early 20th century, and the last decade has seen a dramatic increase in commercially available topical probiotics [6]. However, despite the growing popularity of these topical agents, there are currently insufficient clinical efficacy trials to establish their clinical efficacy, so we aimed to write a detailed review on the use of probiotics in the treatment of skin diseases. In our article, we have detailed information about the normal skin microbiome, various skin disorders, and the topical probiotics commonly used to treat these skin conditions.