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The P-transposable element is an example of mobile DNA transferred horizontally and known to have spread globally over the last 50-60 years. In, the P-element causes a syndrome known as 'P-M hybrid dysgenesis' that obstructs normal ovary development in the female progeny of susceptible populations. Despite extensive research, the stability and global population dynamics of P-M dysgenic phenotypes remain poorly understood. Here, we report a recent and rapid transition in the P-M status of populations from Ukraine. We demonstrate that these populations are currently dominated by the P'-cytotype characterized by active genomic P-elements and unknown from Ukraine just two decades ago. Our results suggest a recent invasion of the P-element in Ukraine, a pattern that matches recent discoveries from Turkey.

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Aim. To evaluate the toxicity and genotoxicity of Ag2S quantum dots that had been synthesized by the mycelium of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus on Drosophila melanogaster. Methods. The toxicity of nanoparticles was determined by assessing the survival rate of imagos and larvae. Genotoxicity was studied in the reparation test. The influence of nanoparticles on the development of the D. melanogaster reproductive system was determined by evaluating the number of ovariols. Results. The toxic effects of ionic silver and the absence of such effects in biosynthetic Ag2S nanoparticles had been shown. The negative influence of biosynthesized Ag2S nanoparticles and biomaterials and ionic silver on the development of D. melanogaster reproductive system had been revealed. There was no genotoxic effect for all investigated specimens. Conclusions. Ag2S biosynthesized quantum dots do not have a toxic and genotoxic effects on D. melanogaster at the concentration of 1.5 mg/ml. However, the action of Ag2S (salt), the biological matrix Pleurotus and biosynthetic Ag2S nanoparticles leads to a decrease in the number of ovariols. Keywords: Ag2S nanoparticles, D. melanogaster, toxicity, genotoxicity.