In this paper, excitation of parasitic waves near cutoff in forward-wave amplifiers is studied in a rather general form. This problem is important for developing high-power sources of coherent, phase controlled short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation because just the waves which can be excited near cutoff have low group velocities. Since the wave coupling to an electron beam is inversely proportional to the group velocity, these waves are the most dangerous parasitic waves preventing stable amplification of desired signal waves. Two effects are analyzed in the paper. The first one is the effect of signal wave parameters on the self-excitation conditions of such parasitic waves. The second effect is the role of the beam geometry on excitation of these parasitic waves in forward-wave amplifiers with spatially extended interaction space, such as sheet-beam devices. It is shown that a large-amplitude signal wave can greatly influence the self-excitation conditions of the parasitic waves which define stability of operation. Therefore the effect described is important for accurate designing of high-power amplifiers of electromagnetic waves.

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In this paper, the results of the efficiency study of a 670 GHz gyrotron operating at TE31,8-mode are presented. Calculations are performed by using the self-consistent nonstationary code MAGY. Three cavity configurations were examined. The effects of ohmic losses and electron velocity spread were included in the simulation. The results show that the output efficiency can reach 35% and the velocity spread in the electron beam does not degrade the operation significantly. Furthermore, we verified that the smoothing of the sharp corners for a small tapering angle would reduce mode conversion; the parasitic excitation of neighboring radial modes is less than 1% of the amplitude of the operating mode and the effect on efficiency is small. Lastly, the simulation results show that the after-cavity interaction causes only slight variations in the efficiency.

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