This note is intended to serve primarily as a reference guide to users wishing to make use of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission data. It covers each of the three primary rainfall instruments: the passive microwave radiometer, the precipitation radar, and the Visible and Infrared Radiometer System on board the spacecraft. Radiometric characteristics, scanning geometry, calibration procedures, and data products are described for each of these three sensors.

Radar rainfall measurements over the equatorial western Pacific warm pool were collected by two shipboard Doppler radars as part of the Tropical Oceans Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment during the intensive observing period (November 1992-February 1993). A comprehensive dataset of gridded rainfall fields, convective/stratiform identification maps, and vertical structure products has been produced, covering an area approximately 400 km (E-W) by 300 km (N-S) within the Intensive Flux Array (IFA), centered near 2°S, 156°E. The radar rainfall product, which was used as validation for the Third Algorithm Intercomparison Project of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project, indicates an overall average of 4.8 mm day-1 ; however, correction for range dependence increases the total to 5.4 mm day-1. Rainfall patterns varied considerably during the experiment with isolated convection dominating periods of light winds, while squall lines and organized mesoscale systems were abundant during two westerly wind bursts. An area-average rainfall of 9.9 mm day-1 was observed during the active 2-week period at the end of December, while 0.4 mm day-1 was observed during the quiescent week of 2-8 February. The eastern portion of the IFA received the most rainfall with localized maxima exceeding 16 mm day-1 for the most active 3-week period. Comparison of daily radar rainfall totals with those observed by an optical rain gauge (ORG) on the 2°S, 156°E buoy shows ORG totals to be systematically higher, by a factor of 2.5. The discrepancy results from a higher average rainfall rate, when raining, as reported by the buoy ORG. However, rainfall rate statistics from the ORGs on the research vessel Xiang Yang Hong #5 and from its radar are in excellent agreement under the following conditions: 1) the ship is drifting, and 2) the radar data are in the near vicinity of the ship (3-7 km).

The South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) is an international field experiment with the objective to better understand the key physical processes for the onset and evolution of the summer monsoon over Southeast Asia and southern China aiming at improving monsoon predictions. In this article, a description of the major meteorological observation platforms during the intensive observing periods of SCSMEX is presented. In addition, highlights of early results and discussions of the role of SCSMEX in providing valuable in situ data for calibration of satellite rainfall estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission are provided. Preliminary results indicate that there are distinctive stages in the onset of the South China Sea monsoon including possibly strong influences from extratropical systems as well as from convection over the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal. There is some tantalizing evidence of complex interactions between the supercloud cluster development over the Indian Ocean, advancing southwest monsoon flow over the South China Sea, midlatitude disturbances, and the western Pacific subtropical high, possibly contributing to the disastrous flood of the Yangtze River Basin in China during June 1998.

Free lipids were extracted from BrzLcella melitensis and Bordetella pertussis and their compositions compared with one another. The bacteria contained 1.60/, and 8.101, free lipids by dry weight of the respective species.The major component of the neutral lipids of Bruc. melitensis was coenzyme Qlo (0.6 pmollg bacterial dry weight). Smaller amounts of 1,2-and 1,3-diglycerides and of fatty acyl monoesters of ethanediol and of unknown or-glycols have been found among the neutral lipids of Bruc. melitensis. The major component of the neutral lipids of Bord. pertussis was a fraction of unesterified fatty acids. Moreover, coenzyme Qs (0.2 pmol/g bacterial dry weight) was identified in Bord. pertussis. Almost all saponifiable lipids of Bruc. melitensis contained considerable amounts of a GI,-cyclopropane acid (lactobacillic acid) whereas no cyclopropane acid was found among the unesterified fatty acids of Bord. pertussis.From the polar lipid fraction of Bruc. melitensis diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin), phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin), phosphatidylcholin (lecithin) and phosphatidylserine were isolated ; the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction also contained phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine and phosphatidyl-N,N-Jimethylethanolamine. Phosphatidylcholine was the major component (37.6O/, of all phospholipids) in Bruc. melitensis. Determination of positional distribution of the component fatty acids revealed lactobacillic acid to be preferentially located in the number 2-positions of all phospholipids, while the I-positions were preferentially occupied by palmitic acid and in most phospholipids, also by hexadecenoic acid.From Bord. pertussis, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine were isolated, but no phosphatidylcholine, no partially methylated phosphatidylethanolamine, and no phosphatidylinositol were found. Palmitic acid was located more frequently at the number 1-positions, hexadecenoic acid more frequently at the number .%positions of the phospholipids. Diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine probably contained minor amounts of a GI,-cyclopropane acid.An ornithine-containing lipid was isolated from Bruc. melitemis and Bord. pertussis. Besides ornithine these lipids contained ethanediol and fatty acids. A similar finding is recorded in Bruc. abortus. Ethanediol appeared to be ester linked to ornithine and to a fatty acid. Another fatty acid is probably linked to one of the amino groups of ornithine by an amide bond. I n Bruc. melitensis ond Bruc. abortus lactobacillic acid is predominantly ester linked, while palmitic and stearic acids are predominantly amide linked. There is no lactobacillic acid at all in the ornithine lipid of Bord. pertussis. No hydroxy fatty acid has been found in the ornithine lipids of any strain.From the lipid patterns of Bruc. melitensis, of Bruc. abortus studied previously, and of Bord. pertussis we conclude that it is probably not justified to include Brucellae and Bordetellae in the one natural family of Brucellacea...

By means of quantitative studies of the J activity of bovine intact erythrocytes and of erythrocyte lipids it is concluded that all of the J activity of J-containing cells is due t o a lipid and that all J substance is present on the erythrocyte surface and thus available for J antibody. No J substance seems to be buried in the depth of the membrane.During the process of hemolysis and subsequent washings bovine erythrocytes release a considerable portion of their membrane constituents in a "soluble" form. I n order to prevent a disruption of ghosts a small amount of MgCl, must be added to the hemolyzing mixture. We observed a loss of more than 30°/, of the original J activity along with about 150/, of various stroma constituents unless MgCl, had been added to the hemolyzing mixture.By treatment of bovine stroma (prepared in the presence of added MgC1,) with organic solvents of increasing polarity two lipid fractions, "loosely" and "strongly" bound lipids, can be obtained. The J activity was found only in the "strongly" bound fraction along with the majority of glycolipids.By treatment of bovine J-cell ghosts with hypertonic saline part of the stroma constituents, including the J substance, is solubilized. It is concluded that the J substance, though secondarily absorbed from the serum onto the erythrocyte surface, is fully integrated to the other membrane constituents.The bovine J blood-group substance is primarily dissolved in the blood plasma [l] and is absorbed from there onto the erythrocytes during a postnatal period. Previous reports from these laboratories [2]have shown that the J substance of serum is a lipoprotein and that its determinant is a glycosphingolipid. The goal of further studies has been to investigate how the J substance is attcahed to the erythrocyte membrane. This paper described the &st results of such investigations. Some of the following results have already been presented at the XIIthInternational Conference on Animal Blood Groups (Budapest, July 1970). MATERIALS AND METHODSBlood was drawn from cattle which were classed as being with or without the J substance. As the anticoagulant one part by volume of a solution containing 2 0 g sodium citrate and 5 g sodium chloride per 1000 ml water was used for 4 parts of blood.I n order to obtain erythrocytes containing J substance for the hemolysis-inhibition tests one part by volume ofa solution containing 32 g sodium citrate,Enzyme. Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7). 10 g glucose, 5 g sulfanilamide, 0.04 g RivanolQ and 0.2g sodium cyanide per 1000ml water was used for about 4 parts of blood. This mixture was stored a t 4 "C for up to 6 weeks. From this mixture small samples of erythrocyte suspensions were freshly prepared by centrifugation and sufficient washing with an excess of isotonic (0.15M) saline a t room temperature.Serum was obtained from freshly drawn blood by allowing it to stand a t room temperature overnight.For serological tests anti-J serum was used which had been checked in international comparison tests. I n addition, an anti...