На основании комплексных палеогеографических исследований создана крупномасштабная палеоландшафтная карта территории Андреевской проточной озерной системы в междуречье Туры и Пышмы (Западная Сибирь) для интервала 2850-2600 кал. л.н. По результатам реконструкции площадей ключевых типов растительности рассчитаны экологическая емкость территории и потенциал биопродуктивности для получения растительных и животных ресурсов при производящем и присваивающем хозяйстве. Исходя из полученных данных о ресурсообеспеченности и об энергетической ценности продуктов животноводства, охоты и рыболовства определена возможная численность населения территории Андреевской озерной системы в заданном хронологическом интервале. В этот период территория осваивалась коллективами иткульской культуры и могла обеспечить единовременное проживание около 280-373 чел., учитывая, что производящие отрасли использовали лишь 20-22 % ресурсной базы. Эта численность соотносится с минимальными показателями, которые рассчитаны по данным о площади и количестве жилищ на городищах иткульской культуры. По-видимому, наибольшее количество продуктов питания обеспечивали не охота и производящие отрасли, а добыча рыбы -это направление хозяйства превалировало, о чем свидетельствует размещение поселений преимущественно на берегах озер. Ключевые слова: палеоландшафтная карта, ресурсообеспеченность, палеодемография, переходное время от бронзового к раннему железному веку, Западная Сибирь. ВведениеАндреевскую проточную озерную систему и расположенные на ее территории археологические памятники можно охарактеризовать как многоуровневый археологический микрорайон и выделить в нем дробные структуры -концентрированного и рассеянного типов, располагающиеся по берегам системы озер и рек Туры и Пышмы. История археологического изучения Андреевского озера и его окрестностей насчитывает уже более 100 лет. За это время на берегах Андреевских озер открыты десятки разновременных археологических памятников. Наибольшей концентрацией памятников различного типа (поселений, городищ, могильников) отличается южное побережье системы Андреевских озер [Зах и др., 2014].Данные раскопок не всегда обеспечивают полный спектр параметров, необходимых для определения численности населения. Кроме того, особенностью памятников археологии междуречья Туры и Пышмы является плохая сохранность костного материала, что существенно снижает возможности оценки не только демографических показателей, но и особенностей хозяйственного освоения территории. По итогам изучения территории Андреевской проточной озерной системы в разные периоды голоцена был получен набор междисциплинарных данных, позволяющих учесть биологическую продуктивность кормящих ландшафтов в прошлом и использовать эти данные для палеодемографических оценок.On the basis of complex paleogeographic studies, we have created a large-scale paleo-landscape map covering the territory of the Andreevskoye lake flow system, in-between the Tura and the Pyshma rivers (West Sibe-
The article presents the results of archaeological studies carried out at the Yakushkino 3 settlement attributed to the Kashino culture of the Early Iron Age (subtaiga Tobol area, Western Siberia). The settlement was preliminary dated at the 4th–3rd centuries BC. In this work, the authors set out to study the house-building tradition of the Ka-shino culture using the Yakushkino 3 settlement as an example, create its graphic visualisation; identify certain characteristics of the structure defining the nature of the settlement — seasonal use or place of permanent resi-dence, which indicate the adaptation strategies of the population. In 2016–2017, two structures connected by a passage were studied at the settlement. The former is interpreted as a residential structure, whereas the latter is thought to have been used for utility purposes. The multi-chamber residential structure (ca 48 m2) was chosen for the reconstruction. To this end, the authors employed the method of theoretical reconstructions. Drawing on the planigraphy and stratigraphy of the excavation site, the main elements (foundation pit boundaries, pits, ditches, etc.) of the structure were identified. The authors defined the layout of the structure on the basis of the character-istic arrangement of structural elements; identified techniques used in the construction of walls and roofs; deter-mined the possible use of certain building materials; as well as suggested interior variants. Finally, a graphic image of the structure was created. As a result of the study, the following assumptions were made. The structure con-sisted of 4 near-square rooms: the main central chamber (1) — 25 m2; chamber 2 — 12.5 m2; chamber 3 — 6.75 m2; chamber 4 — 3.5 m2. The second chamber was divided into two unequal parts, with ceramics being concentrated in its larger part, which could serve as a kitchen or a dining area. Chambers 3 and 4 could be used as bedrooms or as utility rooms. There was no hearth in the structure. The structure had a frame, with vertical posts providing support for the roof beams and being part of the frame-wall construction. The walls could be constructed of wicker boards or erected by leaning poles against the upper beam of the frame. The roof could be gable, covered with reeds and poles. Against the background of uniform buildings of the Early Iron Age, Kashino dwellings are cha-racterised by one common structural detail that was traced in the layout of the dwelling from the Yakushkino 3 settlement — additional chambers (utility or sleeping rooms) attached to the main room without an additional cor-ridor. This fact distinguishes these buildings from the dwellings of the Sargatka or Gorokhovo cultures of the Early Iron Age (Western Siberia). The absence of a hearth and the lightness of the construction suggests that the dwel-ling from the Yakushkino 3 settlement was used in the spring-autumn period.
The article describes the settlement specifics of the Itkul and Baitovo cultures population in the Tobol River region in the 8th–6th centuries BC. The settlements of the Itkul culture are confined to the areas of large drainage lakes and lake systems, they are located on sandy ridges and uplands and not obviously associated with watercourses. The majority of settlements are situated in the subtaiga zone in the interfluve of the Tura and Pyshma Rivers. There are fewer settlements in the forest-steppe area, they are located in ribbon-like forests. The Baitovo сulture sites, on the contrary, are clearly confined to the main rivers and their tributaries, they form a clearly expressed frame of settlements along the Iset and Tobol Rivers, a certain distance is maintained between many of them. These conclusions are substantiated by the vertical distribution of the sites, their confinement to water bodies, and detailed geomorphological characteristics of cultural and chronological groups of artifacts of the cultures under consideration. Summing up, main differences in the settlement systems of the Itkul and Baitovo collectives are: confinement of the Itkul culture settlements to the subtaiga zone, and the Baitovo ones — to the forest-steppe; gravitation of the Itkul settlements towards the areas of large flowing lakes and lake systems, the Baitovo settlements towards the river system; a high degree of concentration, a close interposition of weakly fortified settlements of the Itkul culture in places of their localization and the presence of a frame of equidistant and, apparently, interconnected settlements of the Baitovo culture. The settlement specifics of the Itkul and Baitovo cultures populations brought about by their origins and economic activities, as well as the natural and climatic dynamics reconstructed for the territory under consideration.
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