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T-cell intracellular antigen (TIA)-1 and TIA-1-related protein (TIAR) are mRNA-binding proteins that can aggregate within granules under specific stress conditions. In this study, we analyzed TIAR/TIA-1 aggregation under different hypoxic conditions, and studied the effects on the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α in different cancer cell lines. Under acute and pronounced hypoxic conditions TIAR/TIA-1 co-aggregated to granules and positive co-staining with eIF3η marker suggested these to represent stress granules. In parallel, HIF-1α expression was blocked in cells displaying TIAR/TIA-1 granules. Silencing of TIAR and TIA-1 caused upregulation of HIF-1α expression, as demonstrated by western blot, immunocytochemistry and HIF-1-dependent reporter gene expression. Additionally, a critical region of the 3' end of the untranslated HIF-1α mRNA with possible adenosine-uridine-rich elements (AREs) was coupled to the luciferase reporter gene, causing downregulation of expression. Employing this reporter construct, inhibition of TIAR by siRNA attenuated the inhibitory cis-effect of this ARE-sequence. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of A549 cell tumor xenografts revealed a nearly complementary expression of HIF-1α and TIAR reflecting the control of HIF-1α expression by TIAR as revealed in the cell culture studies. In sum, rapid and severe hypoxia caused co-aggregation of TIAR/TIA-1 and these proteins suppressed HIF-1α expression.

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