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The proportion of CKD patients with poorly controlled hypertension significantly increased as CKD progressed, mainly associated with the increase in pulse pressure. However, future investigation for causal relationship between poorly controlled hypertension and its related factors is needed.

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We consider a nonlinear autoregressive moving average (ARMA) process with Markov switching and find sufficient conditions for strict stationarity, geometric ergodicity, and the existence of moments of the process with respect to the stationary distribution. Functional central limit theorem is also obtained.

Prehypertensive subjects might need to be cautioned when they have high SBP or PP with low DBP even in healthy populations. Key message Prehypertensive subjects should be cautioned when they have high-systolic blood pressure or pulse pressure with low-diastolic blood pressure, even without previous hypertension, diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease.