economic value of Gamla to the visiting public is approximately five times higher than the current revenue, and 85% of the visitors to Gamla came to view vultures. This information can be used to estimate the benefits of further investment in Gamla Nature Reserve, to price this site according to demand if there are budget limits, and in particular to invest in the protection of vultures and other threatened species.
The diurnal cycle of metabolic rate (MR, J/g´h, based on V O2 and V CO2 ) was measured in 14 Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus), two Hooded Vultures (Necrosyrtes monachus) and one White-backed Vulture (Gyps africanus) at different ambient temperatures (±7 to +34°C). In (so far) three Griffon Vultures the heart rate (HR) and body temperature (Tb) were measured by telemetry, simultaneously with MR. The three vulture species show very similar physiological mechanisms. In all cases measured MR is significantly below allometrically expected values (G. fulvus ±46 %, N. monachus ±24 %, G. africanus ± 6 %). Fasting for 4 days results in an additional MR reduction of up to 27±35 %. There is a very small change of MR with ambient temperature (Ta). Therefore no obvious thermoneutral zone was observed in the broad Ta-range tested (see above). Ta-independent MR is the largest yet measured in birds. Thermal conductance (TC-wet) lies dramatically below expected values (±21.5 to ±53.7 %), and is extensively used to control heat loss. All these special MR-strategies save energy expenditure. Tb of resting griffons shows a clear sinusoidal diurnal rhythm. The average Tb during the night has a mean value of 37.7 ± 0.49°C; the mean daytime value is 38.9 ± 0.25°C; the total average is 1.3/1.1°C below expected values for Falconiformes, an effect significantly reducing energy expenditure. At Ta higher than about 25±30°C, Tb increases significantly with increasing Ta, whereas MR does not vary significantly. Thus, the MR-independent variation of Tb may function as an additional and very effective mechanism for saving energy. ZusammenfassungEnergieumsatz und Ko Èrpertemperatur beim Ga Ènsegeier (Gyps fulvus) mit vergleichenden Daten vom Kappengeier (Necrosyrtes monachus) und Weiûru È cken-Geier (Gyps africanus) Der Tagesgang der Stoffwechselrate (MR, in J/g´h, basierend auf dem Sauerstoff-Verbrauch V O2 und der Kohlendioxid-Abgabe V CO2 ) wurde bei 14 Ga Ènsegeiern (Gyps fulvus), zwei Kappengeiern (Necrosyrtes monachus) und einem Weiûru Ècken-Geier (Gyps africanus) bei verschiedenen Umgebungstemperaturen (±7 bis +34°C) bestimmt. Bei drei Ga Ènsegeiern wurde u Èber mehrere Wochen zusa Ètzlich die Herzschlagrate (HR) und die Ko Èrpertemperatur (Tb) u Èber Telemetrie simultan zur MR gemessen. Die drei Geierarten zeigen untereinander sehr a Èhnliche physiologische Regelmechanismen von Ko Èrpertemperatur und Energieumsatz. Bei allen liegt die gemessene MR signifikant unter den allometrischen Erwartungswerten (G. fulvus ±46 %, N. monachus ±24 %, G. africanus ± 6 %). Schon vierta Ègiges Fasten fu Èhrt zu einer zusa Ètzlichen Stoffwechselreduktion von 27±35 %. Die Stoffwechselrate zeigt nur eine sehr geringe Abha Èngigkeit zur Umgebungstemperatur (Ta). Deshalb konnte im getesteten, weiten Ta-Bereich keine augenfa Èllige Thermoneutralzone bestimmt werden. Die Ta-unabha Èngige Stoffwechselrate ist auch die gro Èûte, die jemals bei Vo Ègeln bestimmt worden ist. Die Wa Èrmedurchgangszahl (TC-wet) liegt betra Èchtlich unter den Erwartungswerten (±21.5 bis ...
The diurnal cycle of metabolic rate (MR, J/g.h, based on Vo2 and Vco2) was measured in 14 Griffon Vultures (Gypsfulvus), two Hooded Vultures (Necrosyrtes monachus) and one White-backed Vulture (Gyps africanus) at different ambient temperatures (-7 to +34 °C).In (so far) three Griffon Vultures the heart rate (HR) and body temperature (Tb) were measured by telemetry, simultaneously with MR. The three vulture species show very similar physiological mechanisms. In all cases measured MR is significantly below allometrically expected values (G. fuh.,us -46 %, N. monachus -24 %, G. africanus -6 %). Fasting for 4 days results in an additional MR reduction of up to 27-35 %. There is a very small change of MR with ambient temperature (Ta). Therefore no obvious thermoneutral zone was observed in the broad Ta-range tested (see above). Ta-independent MR is the largest yet measured in birds. Thermal conductance (TC-wet) lies dramatically below expected values (-21.5 to -53.7 %), and is extensively used to control heat loss. All these special MR-strategies save energy expenditure. Tb of resting griffons shows a clear sinusoidal diurnal rhythm. The average Tb during the night has a mean value of 37.7 _+ 0.49 °C: the mean daytime value is 38.9 + 0.25 °C; the total average is 1,3/1.1 °C below expected values for Falconiformes, an effect significantly reducing energy expenditure. At Ta higher than about 25-30 °C, Tb increases significantly with increasing Ta, whereas MR does not vary significantly. Thus, the MR-independent variation of Tb may function as an additional and very effective mechanism for saving energy. Zusammenfassung Energieumsatz und K~rpertemperatur beim Giinsegeier (Gypsfulvus) mit vergleichenden Daten vom Kappengeier (Necrosyrtes monachus) und WeiBriicken-Geier (Gyps africanus)Der Tagesgang der Stoffwechselrate (MR, in J/g.h, basierend auf den] Sauerstoff-Verbrauch Vo2 und der Kohlendioxid-Abgabe Vco2) wurde bei 14 G~insegeiern (G3~sfidvus), zwei Kappengeiern (Necrosyrtes monachus) und einem Weif3rticken-Geier (Gyps @icanus) bei verschiedenen Umgebungstemperaturen (-7 bis +34 °C) bestimmt. Bei drei U.S. Copyright Clearance Center Code Statement: 0021-8375/2002/14304-0456 $ 15.00/0 R. Prinzinger et al. • Energy metabolism in vultures 457 Gfinsegeiern wurde fiber mehrere Wochen zus~itzlich die Herzschlagrate (HR) und die K6rpertemperatur (Tb) tiber Telemetrie simultan zur MR gemessen. Die drei Geierarten zeigen untereinander sehr/Jhnliche physiologische Regelmechanismen yon K~Srpertemperatur und Energieumsatz, Bei allen liegt die gemessene MR signifikant unter den allometrischen Erwartungswerten (G. fidvus -46 %, N. monachus -24 %, G. africanus -6 %). Schon viert/Jgiges Fasten ffihrt zu einer zus/itzlichen Stoffwechselreduktion von 27-35 %. Die Stoffwechselrate zeigt nut eine sehr geringe Abh/ingigkeit zur Umgebungstemperatur (Ta). Deshalb konnte im getesteten, weiten Ta-Bereich keine augenf/illige Thermoneutralzone bestimmt werden. Die Ta-unabh~ngige Stoffwechselrate ist auch die gr613te, die jemals bei V6geln best...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2025 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.