Access to quality healthcare is the primary purpose for which the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in Nigeria was introduced. It is believed that the introduction of the NHIS for workers will reduce their engagement in health-risk behavior. Despite the existence of the NHIS, its enrollees (i.e. insured workers) are still complaining of the poor healthcare delivery by the service providers. As a result, some of them are still engaging themselves in a detrimental health-risk behavior due to public health workers' moral hazard and a short supply of drugs in public hospitals. This study was undertaken in Jos metropolis so as to ascertain the extent to which moral hazard and the disclosure of partial information about the NHIS lead to a health-risk behavior among civil servants. The research has shown a moderate level of the moral hazard demonstrated by the NHIS service providers since, within the measurement range from 1 to 7, the overall average significantly falls to 4. Contrary to the moderate moral hazard demonstrated by the NHIS service providers, the majority of the NHIS enrollees were found to averagely demonstrate a low health-risk behavior.

Background: The liabilities of a pension scheme define the financial value to be paid at a definite period in the future. The underlying goal of pension plans is to provide retirees with sufficient stream of income to enable them to live a decent financially independent life post-employment period. The regulatory framework for occupational pension schemes necessitates the services of trustees as administrators who assume legal administrative responsibilities on the scheme and saddled to oversee actuarial valuations of the scheme's liabilities at definite points in time. Objectives: The objective of this paper is (i) to empirically examine the drivers of pension liability and how they are evaluated by the trustee’s model. (ii) Specifically, the study intends to use input parameters of the trustee model to establish the conditions for which the value of liability is zero under trusteeship annuity factor. Methods: This study applies trustees’ valuation model, the present values together with infinitesimal calculus. Salary data as well as demographic data were obtained from an agricultural production services company located in Jos-South, Nigeria. Results: Computational evidence from our results proves that the total service liability under the conditions of the current model is vanishingly zero. However, when the annuity factor is replaced by life table annuity, the service liability does not vanish. Conclusion: The total service liability obtained as zero therefore initiates inquiry as to whether this current valuation framework causes potential uncertainties for the pension trustees who are responsibly saddled with both administration and core decision-making responsibilities of the system.

Efforts in obtaining distribution function which reasonably models life table functions have always constituted a major challenge in mortality construction and attempts with many estimating functions have not solved the problem. Numerous distribution functions have been experimented for this purpose but do not seem to be of interest because they are not parsimonious in actuarial representation and consequently could not adequately describe mortality table data. In order to overcome this problem, it is possible to estimate parameters by adopting less sophisticated mortality distribution functions. In traditional mortality models like Gompertz function, mortality rate increases exponentially as ages advance chronologically. The parametric estimation is meant to produce an estimated value of μx. This work aims to estimate the Gompertzian mortality model parameters from a new numerical perspective. We present a parametrization that focuses on actuarial information based on Gompertzian mortality from indirect approach. The paper intends to develop an acceptable level of approximating the Gompertz model parameters for mortality rates. The objectives are to estimate (i) the level of mortality at initial age (ii) the rate of mortality increase across ages (iii) construct the modal age at death and (iv) the ageing rate. In order to compute the parameters, a numerical method that is more advanced than the traditional methods is adopted to demonstrate that the Gompertz model describes the behaviour of mortality trajectory with all its actuarial parameters.

This paper is intended to support reforms counteracting the adverse health insurance contribution trends through constructing an actuarially equitable salary-based health care system for experienced health insurance underwriters. The focus is on contribution technique employed by experts who consult for health insurance funds especially when performing official duties as health insurance actuary. The objective is to construct actuarial models of computing employee’s, employer’s and government’s contribution for health insurance care program in a way that permits generally equitable cost-efficient health insurance coverage within the framework of obtainable health benefits policy. Nigeria’s low economic growth rate and primitive technology resulted in an increasing rate of health care costs and consequently, quality health care at affordable prices is far from the reach of enrollees because of inequitable distribution of costs. In order to solve this problem, we constructed a health care model with a deterministic salary function structure to compute contribution on behalf of enrollees as a paradigm shift to an actuarial system of modelling contribution with a goal to building a sustainable health insurance delivery that encourages good health outcomes. From our results, the rate derived from our current model is far below the official rating of  on employee’s salary which is not footed on actuarial basis and hence cheaper and more equitable to adopt.

The paper is intended to numerically estimate health insurance out of pocket spending from the perspective of the enrollees in order to inform whether health insurance scheme pricing policy delivers value to the enrollees. We study the implications of financing health care insurance using a classification model for health care insurance under the framework of deductibles and stop loss. The paper is designed for health underwriting professionals, particularly those who consult for health insurance schemes. This is essential given the form and emergence of treating enrollees fairly, based on regulations that impact on actuarial consultants advising on health insurance scheme product lines. The objectives of this paper are to demonstrate actuarial methods for estimating (i) total health expenses (ii) out of pocket costs (iii) reimbursements by third party insurance. (iv) examine the actuarial implications of the chosen model. In computing the out of pocket and reimbursement, the Pitacco’s model was adopted because of its relatively computational superiority and the fact that both deductible and stop loss form its core parameters. Our results show that there is a positive relationship between total health expense and the share funded by out of pocket spending. As the health expenditure increases, the share funded by out of pocket progressively increases.