TB co-infection with HIV in children is common in this environment. Severe weight loss can be used as a clinical guide to identify HIV-infected children at risk of co-infection with TB who will require further evaluation.

Background:Method : Results:Use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has remained the only regimen potent enough to reduce viral replication in HIVinfected individuals. Its combination with cotrimoxazole has also been recommended in those with CD4% of less than 15%. The use of HAART containing zidovudine (ZDV) in combination with co-trimoxazole carries the risk of anaemia in already anaemic predisposed individuals from HIV infections, opportunistic infections, parasitic infestations, sickle cell anaemia, and malnutrition. The aim of the study is to document the effect of use of combination of HAART containing ZDV with cotrimoxazole in haemoglobin profile of HIV-infected children after one year of its administration at the

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parasites in their blood film, 97 (36.5%) were blood culture positive, and 12 (4.5%) had both positive blood culture and malaria parasite. Among the recruited babies, 82.4% were noticed to have low parasite density, 13.2% had moderate density, while 2.6% had high density. Peripartum pyrexia, prematurity and intrauterine HIV exposure, were found to have significant association with congenital malaria, (OR = 7.9, 7.2, 4.4) for peripatum pyrexia, prematurity and HIV exposure, p values <0.05. None of the clinical feature had good sensitivity, specificity or predictive value for congenital malaria, and only 1.6% death was recorded in a baby with high parasite density. Congenital malaria is common in newborns with suspected neonatal sepsis. History of peripartum pyrexia, prematurity and intrauterine HIV exposure was associated with increased risk of the disease. Conclusion:

Nigeria did not achieve the millennium development goal (MDG) for the reduction of under-5 mortality (U5M) in 2015. Neonatal death still accounts for nearly 50% of U5M, hence responsible for this failure. The World Health Organisation records showed that 79% of deceased neonates would die within the first-seven-days (F7D) of life in Nigeria. Prolonged postnatal delay before attainment of normal body temperature could be partly responsible. Reducing F7D deaths could improve Nigeria's overall record; hence the urgent need to device a technique that could be applied to achieve this. We developed a neonatal temperature control protocol "the initial-setpoint-algorithm (ISA)" as a response to temperature-related high F7D mortality rate. A total 134 cases (105 controls and 29 tests) were recruited. The cases drew from extremely-low birth weight and preterm neonates (BW = 600-1200 g, GA = 26-32 weeks) presenting at the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital Nigeria. Mortality outcomes were compared to investigate how the ISA group performed relative to the Control group. Applying ISA, Test-patients attained normotherm in 0.47 hr post-presenting (95%CI: 0.2); Control took 12.4 hrs (95%CI: 2.3). The F7D-deaths contribution to mortality in the control group was 71% (41 out of 58). There was no F7D death amongst the only two deceased neonates in the test group. The ISA helped quick attainment of normotherm in the Test-group; hence removed the immediate postnatal long exposure to damaging thermal shock that trailed other neonates to death within the F7D period.