The development of an interactive environment that allows for a significant enhancement in interaction opportunities with information resources for a child is one of the primary tasks of the pre-school educational process organisation today. This study involved 50 establishments for children in Chelyabinsk (N = 1280: 230 children, 350 teachers, 700 parents). We used two techniques to collect data: a questionnaire for teachers on the use of Information Exchange in the educational process, their attitude towards ICTs, and the available resources (resources included technological aspects, such as infrastructure, equipment, and software, as well as educational aspects, such as further training and the availability of a qualified methodologist); and a conversation with children on their experience in using and operating digital devices for various tasks. The questions were divided into four groups that provided us with data on the following topics: the degree of inclusion of parents in the interaction (a triad of a child, a digital device, and a parent), the awareness of the child of the capacity and resources of ICTs, motivation and interests that can be realized through digital technologies, and self-reflection as the capacity of the child to predict and analyse their activities. The Hypothesis that the level of readiness for information exchange in subjects of the educational process can be increased through further training of pre-school teachers and the establishment of a single information space in a kindergarten group has been proven right. The findings the study proved such an influence and proposed directions for further studying.

Currently in the field of transport geography, the spatial evolution of electrical networks remain globally understudied. Publicly available data sources, including remote sensing data, have made it possible to collect spatial data on electrical networks, but at the same time a suitable data structure for storing them has not been defined. The main purpose of this study was the collection and structuring of spatiotemporal data on electric networks with the possibility of their further processing and analysis. To collect data, we used publicly available remote sensing and geoinformation systems, archival schemes and maps, as well as other documents related to the Moscow power grid. Additionally, we developed a web service for data publication and visualization. We conducted a small morphological analysis of the evolution of the network to show the possibilities of working with the database using a Python script. For example, we found that the portion of new lines has been declining since 1950s and in the 2010s the portion of partial reconstruction reached its maximum. Thus, the developed data structure and the database itself provide ample opportunities for the analysis and interpretation of the spatiotemporal development of electric networks. This can be used as a basis to study other territories. The main results of the study are published on the web service where the user can interactively choose a year and two forms of power lines representation to visualize on a map.

ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ КАРТОГРАФИРОВАНИЯ АВАРИЙНОСТИ ЭНЕРГОСИСТЕМ НА ОСНОВЕ ОТКРЫТЫХ ДАННЫХ АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье авторы раскрывают смысл и взаимосвязь понятий надежности энергосистемы и ее подверженности аварийным ситуациям. Дано определение факторов надежности энергосистемы и их влияния на аварийность. Обоснована необходимость изучения и картографирования аварийности энергосистем в целях повышения надежности энергоснабжения. Отображена возможность использования открытых данных об аварийности в энергосистемах для анализа их работы. Подробно описаны структура данных, способ их интерпретации в табличный вид и пространственной привязки. Особое внимание уделяется выбору территориальной единицы картографирования: рассмотрены несколько ключевых подходов, применяемых в электроэнергетике. Среди них выбран наиболее подходящий для данного исследования. С помощью агрегирования собранных данных проведено районирование энергосистем Российской Федерации по ведущей причине аварийных ситуаций. Предложен ряд репрезентативных расчетных показателей, характеризующих особенности аварийных происшествий в той или иной энергосистеме: количество аварий на один километр протяженности сети, количество аварий на единицу плотности сети, количество аварий в сетях разного типа, взвешенный аварийный коэффициент. Для каждого показателя обоснована причина его применения и показаны перспективы его дальнейшего использования. На основе полученных данных и предлагаемых показателей создана серия из шести мелкомасштабных карт, иллюстрирующих особенности развития аварийных ситуаций в энергосистемах РФ. Анализ полученных результатов подтвердил репрезентативность предложенных показателей. Основное назначение полученных карт прикладное, их использование помогает обнаружить «узкие» места в энергосистемах, определить ведущие причины аварий, соотношение различных причин аварий в конкретной энергосистеме.

In this paper, we describe an experiment of complex power grid structure and wind and sleet mapping of territory using two different network indices: standard edge betweenness centrality and new author’s index – electrical grid centrality. Such analysis of the network allows to identify power lines with high load which could be vulnerable elements of the power grid. It is very important for strategic planning of power grids to reduce the risk of accidents by distributing loads across several lines so that they will be able to reserve each other. As a case territory for this research, we took the Ural united power system in Russia which is greatly exposed to different sleet and wind according to the statistics of the power grid operator. The degree of natural hazard consequences could be compensated by the network structure through alternative paths of energy supply or vice versa – increased if they are absent. At the same time, in this paper we consider that power grids have their own features from the graph theory point of view, for example multiple (parallel) edges, branches, different types of vertices. The existing index of edge betweenness centrality does not perfectly cope with them. We compare two indices characterizing power line importance within the system – betweenness centrality and electrical grid centrality and analyze the network structure features together with the spatial distribution of sleet and wind. As a result, we could identify bottlenecks in the study network. According to this study the most vulnerable power lines were detected, for example 500 kV Iriklinskaya CHP – Gazovaya and 500 kV Yuzhnouralskaya CHP-2 – Shagol power lines, that supply big cities such as Chelyabinsk and Orenburg and a bunch of industries around them.