Ligation auxiliaries are used in chemical protein synthesis to extend the scope of native chemical ligation (NCL) beyond cysteine. However, auxiliary‐mediated ligations at sterically demanding junctions have been difficult. Often the thioester intermediate formed in the thiol exchange step of NCL accumulates because the subsequent S→N acyl transfer is extremely slow. Here we introduce the 2‐mercapto‐2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)ethyl (MPyE) group as the first auxiliary designed to aid the ligation reaction by catalysis. Notably, the MPyE auxiliary provides useful rates even for junctions containing proline or a β‐branched amino acid. Quantum chemical calculations suggest that the pyridine nitrogen acts as an intramolecular base in a rate‐determining proton transfer step. The auxiliary is prepared in two steps and conveniently introduced by reductive alkylation. Auxiliary cleavage is induced upon treatment with TCEP/morpholine in presence of a MnII complex as radical starter. The synthesis of a de novo designed 99mer peptide and an 80 aa long MUC1 peptide demonstrates the usefulness of the MPyE auxiliary.
To expand the scope of native chemical ligation (NCL) beyond reactions at cysteine, ligation auxiliaries are appended to the peptide N‐terminus. After the introduction of a pyridine‐containing auxiliary, which provided access to challenging junctions (proline or β‐branched amino acids), we herein probe the role of the pyridine‐ring nitrogen. We observed side reactions leading to preliminary auxiliary loss. We describe a new easy to attach β‐mercapto‐β‐(4‐methoxy‐2‐pyridinyl)‐ethyl (MMPyE) auxiliary, which 1) has increased stability; 2) enables NCL at sterically encumbered junctions (e. g., Leu‐Val); and 3) allows removal under mildly basic (pH 8.5) conditions was introduced. The synthesis of a 120 aa long peptide containing eight MUC5AC tandem repeats via ligation of two 60mers demonstrates the usefulness. Making use of hitherto unexplored NCL to tyrosine, the MMPyE auxiliary provided access to a head‐to‐tail‐cyclized 21‐mer peptide and a His6‐tagged hexaphosphorylated peptide comprising 6 heptapeptide repeats of the RNA polymerase II C‐terminal domain.
Ligationsauxiliare werden in der chemischen Proteinsynthese eingesetzt, um den Anwendungsbereich der nativen chemischen Ligation (NCL) über Cystein hinaus zu erweitern. An sterisch anspruchsvollen Ligationsstellen erweisen sich Auxiliar‐vermittelte Ligationen allerdings als schwierig. Oft akkumuliert das im Thiolaustauschschritt der NCL gebildete Thioester‐Intermediat, da der anschließende S→N‐Acyltransfer nur sehr langsam abläuft. In dieser Arbeit stellen wir die 2‐Mercapto‐2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)ethyl (MPyE)‐Gruppe als das erste Auxiliar vor, welches in der Lage ist, die Ligationsreaktion durch interne Katalyse zu unterstützen. Bemerkenswerterweise liefert das MPyE‐Auxiliar auch dann nützliche Reaktionsraten, wenn Prolin oder eine β‐verzweigte Aminosäure an der Verknüpfung beteiligt sind. Quantenchemische Rechnungen deuten darauf hin, dass der Pyridin‐Stickstoff im geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Protonentransferschritt als eine intramolekulare Base agiert. Das Auxiliar wird in nur zwei Schritten hergestellt und durch reduktive Alkylierung in das Peptid eingeführt. Die Abspaltung des Auxiliars erfolgt durch Behandlung mit TCEP/Morpholin in Gegenwart eines MnII‐Komplexes als Radikalstarter. Die Synthese eines de novo designten 99mer‐Peptids und eines 80 Aminosäuren langen MUC1‐Peptids demonstrieren die Nützlichkeit des MPyE‐Auxiliars.
Bei der Reaktion des Aminothiazols (I) mit dem Carbamat (II) bildet sich das 3‐substituierte Iminothiazolin (III) und nicht wie erwartet das isomere Thiazol (VII), das ausgehend von (IV) über die Derivate (V) und (VI) synthetisiert wird.
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