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In recent years, cartographic Web applications have evolved from closed monolithic applications to open distributed systems in which real-time map rendering components and services play an important role. This progress has required new and flexible ways of defining map symbolization. The development of cartographic interfaces needed to describe the desired map output offers the means to extend current symbolization approaches and adapt the portrayal of data to the most demanding requirements in the area of distributed thematic mapping. This article analyses, in the context of open distributed processing, some of the existing cartographic interfaces that can be used for various cartographic applications and services. At the same time, the article offers a look at the most recent research efforts in this area.

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